Maternal Gestational Diabetes Is Associated With Offspring’s Hypertension

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) accounts for approximately 7% of all pregnancies in the United States and China. 1,2 Women with GDM are at an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as giving birth to babies with greater birth weight and primary cesarean delivery. 3 Maternal GDM also exerts a long-term influence on the offspring, which was named "metabolic imprinting" by some researchers. 4 Previous studies indicated that offspring of mothers with GDM were predisposed to metabolic syndrome and its components. 4-12 However, the results about the association between maternal GDM and offspring's risk for hypertension were controversial. Several studies have indicated that offspring of mothers with GDM had higher mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) than children of mothers without GDM mothers. 11-14 Other studies reported no difference in the levels of SBP and DBP between the 2 groups. 7,8 However, most of these previous studies are largely limited by small samples sizes (20-130 GDM cases) and different diagnosis methods of maternal GDM, and whether maternal GDM means a higher risk of pediatric hypertension remains uncertain. Moreover, the extent to which childhood hypertension associated with maternal GDM could be explained by other confounders remains unclear. To elucidate these issues, we compared childhood blood pressure levels and the risk of hypertension

Changes of Serum Adiponectin and Glycated Albumin Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Their Relationship with Insulin Resistance

“…Then FPG, FINS and HOMA-IR levels of three groups of patients were compared. The results were consistent with another research ( 20 ), and IR level in GDM group significantly increased. Therefore, it was confirmed that insulin resistance was one of the physiological and pathological bases of GDM.…”

“…However, the pregnancy process was a physiological insulin resistance state, but not all pregnant women had gestational diabetes, and some returned to normal after delivery ( 19 ). In order to further illustrate that insulin resistance is one of the pathophysiological bases of GDM, GDM had more severe IR than normal pregnancy ( 20 ). Clinically, the main indexes for diagnosis of insulin resistance were FPG level and FINS level.…”

Substantially Altered Expression Profile of Diabetes/Cardiovascular/Cerebrovascular Disease Associated microRNAs in Children Descending from Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—One of Several Possible Reasons for an Increased Cardiovascular Risk

“…Only those predicted targets involved in ontologies of human diseases (obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance, lipid metabolism disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart septal defects and heart valve disease, heart disease, heart failure, venous insufficiency, and pulmonary embolism) reported by previous population-based cohort studies in children and young adults descending from GDM complicated pregnancies [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ] are presented below.…”

“…Young offspring aged 3–5 years of GDM complicated pregnancies were reported to have increased BMI, skinfold thickness, body fat, blood pressure, altered lipid profiles, and glucose metabolism [ 26 ]. Several consecutive studies confirmed higher mean values of systolic blood pressure and higher prevalence of hypertension in young offspring (at the age of 3–6 years) of mothers with GDM compared with their counterparts born to mothers with a normal course of gestation [ 27 , 28 ]. An independent association between the occurrence of maternal GDM and abnormal glucose tolerance, obesity, and higher BP was confirmed in children at seven years of age [ 29 ].…”

Cod-Liver Oil Improves Metabolic Indices and hs-CRP Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Most of the postpartum can return to normal, but the chance of developing type 2 diabetes is greatly increased. The poor blood sugar control during pregnancy is also prone to polyhydramnios [47] and pregnancy-induced hypertension [48,49]. The main pregnancy complications include late preterm birth [50], hyperlipidemia [51], and posttraumatic stress disorder and antepartum complications [52].…”