“…That is perhaps because, unlike Germany, which is a part of Western cultures, developmental studies in Asia, and specifically Japan, were far fewer at that time (and are still scarce today), questioning the applicability of the experimental measure devised in the U.S. in such a diverse cultural context. Beginning with the classic Japan study after WWII, reporting stark differences in socialization as well as parenting practices (e.g., Caudill & Weinstein, 1969), prominent anthropologists, sociologists, or cross-cultural researchers dominated the research in Japan. These scholars identified and emphasized the uniqueness of the Japanese people in terms of their discourse styles, interactive manners, parenting practices, indigenous beliefs, and associated various customs and rituals (e.g., DeVos, 1996;Vogel, 1996;White, 1996, Yamada, 1992.…”