Maternal Anemia in Various Trimesters and Related Pregnancy Outcomes: Results from a Large Cohort Study in Iran

Abstract

Background: Undesirable health outcomes of anemia impact all different groups of people within a society especially pregnant women (PW). Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate other fetal and maternal complications of anemia in various trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: A large retrospective cohort study was conducted on Iranian PW in 2017. The first and third trimesters of pregnancy were assessed as a separate study. The first study included 1038 anemic and 2463 non-anemic PW and the second comprised 756 anemic and 1986 non-anemic PW. The outcome-related pregnancies were analyzed for each study. Results: After adjusting for the potential confounding factors, the odds of neonatal mortality (OR = 1.63; CI 95%, 1.25 -2.13) were significantly higher and the odds of cesarean delivery (OR = 0.6; CI 95%, 0.46 -0.75) were significantly lower in women who had anemia during the first trimester. The chance of pre-term delivery (< 37 weeks; OR = 2.15; CI 95%, 1.6 -2.91) and abortion (OR = 1.68; CI 95%, 1.11 -2.53) was significantly higher in women who had anemia during the third trimester, while the chance of low birth weight (< 2500 kg) (OR = 0.66; CI 95%, 0.46 -0.93) was lower in anemic women during the third trimester than in those without anemia. Conclusions: Pregnant women who experience anemia in both first and third trimesters of pregnancy have different unpleasant pregnancy outcomes. Since anemia is preventable during pregnancy, many of these outcomes such as neonatal mortality, low birth weight, preterm and cesarean delivery, and abortion could be prevented and decreased by providing health education before pregnancy.

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000–2019: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

“…The 102 research reports (31-67, 69-132) yielded 198 GDM prevalence studies. Iran (32.3%) (41,(69)(70)(71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77) and Saudi Arabia (24.2%) contributed to most of the prevalence studies, followed by Qatar (9.7%). In these prevalence studies, a total of 279,202 pregnant women were tested for GDM between 2000 and 2019, and the crude GDM prevalence was estimated to be about 11.0%.…”

Trend and determinants of anemia change among pregnant and/or lactating women in Ethiopia: A multivariate decomposition analysis

“…Those children born from anemic women were found more likely to be stunted and underweighted, low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction [14][15][16][17][18]. It also found to cause perinatal death [12,[19][20][21][22], delay in cognitive and motor development [23][24][25] and dementia [26]. Anemia in the mother during pregnancy also resulted in anemia in the newborn baby [27,28].…”

Relationship Husband Support of Anemia Management With Incidence Anemia in Pregnancy

“…The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy women in 2015 in East Java Province has regencies/cities, showing prevalence above 10%, namely Situbondo Regency at 10.69%, Mojokerto City at 11.23%. The average anemia prevalence in East Java Province was 5.8%, the average number was still below the national target of 28% (2015( -2019 in journals (Natalia, S., Sumarmi, S., & Nadhiroh, S. R., 2016).…”

“…Factors affecting anemia include malnutrition, lack of iron in the diet, malabsorption, pregnancy, etc. (Heydarpour, F. et al, 2019). Anemia in pregnancy has an impact, such as abortion, premature labor, prolonged labor due to uterine inertia, postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony, shock, infection, etc.…”