Trend and determinants of anemia change among pregnant and/or lactating women in Ethiopia: A multivariate decomposition analysis

Abstract

Background Even though anemia was highly targeted in different global strategies, many pregnant and/or lactating women and children were suffering from it and its complications. Besides this, prior trend analysis has not been conducted among pregnant and/or lactating women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the trend and determinants of anemia change among pregnant and/or lactating women in Ethiopia. Methods The study utilized two consecutive Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) datasets. A total of 6,106 and 5,641 pregnant and/or lactating women in 2011 and 2016 survey respectively were included in the analysis. The data were analyzed by using Stata version 14.0. Logit based decomposition analysis was done to identify contributing factors for anemia change and statistical significance was determined by using P-value. Results The trend of anemia was increased from 19% in 2011 to 29% in 2016 EDHS. The analysis revealed that, 8% of the overall change in anemia was because of the change in women’s composition. Changes in the composition of pregnant and/or lactating women according to region, economic status and tobacco and/or cigarette use were the major sources of the change. Greater than 90% of the increase in anemia was due to differences in the coefficient. Mostly, the change in behaviors of the Amhara population, those who had a history of terminated pregnancy and use tobacco and/or cigarette were the sources of the change. Conclusions Anemia among pregnant and/or lactating women was increased against government interventions over the last half-decade in Ethiopia. Programmatic interventions targeting Somali and Dire Dawa regions are still needed to decrease anemia.

Determinants of anemia status among pregnant women in ethiopia: using 2016 ethiopian demographic and health survey data; application of ordinal logistic regression models

“…The pregnant woman's region, iron taking status, number of births in the last five years, wealth index, number of antenatal care visits, health facility visits in the last 12 months, The study discovered that the pregnant woman's anemia status was greatly influenced by her geographic location. This finding is in line with research from Ethiopia [27][28][29] which found that the risk of anemia was higher in the Afar, Somali, and Dire Dawa regions. When compared to pregnant women in urban regions, pregnant women from rural areas were more likely to be in the worst category of anemia status.…”

“…Pregnant women with the highest economic status had the lowest risk of anemia when compared to those with the lowest economic status, according to findings from Ethiopian privies research. Studies in poor nations such as Ethiopia [27] and sub-Saharan Africa [36] back with this conclusion. This could be due to the fact that having a low salary means having less money to buy iron-rich foods or eat a well-balanced diet.…”

Anaemia among lactating and non-lactating women in low-income and middle-income countries: a comparative cross-sectional study

“…The possible justification might be women attending PNC service might have the chance to get nutritional advice. Smoking was also one of the factors responsible for anaemia among non-lactating mothers, the finding is supported by a study done in Ethiopia 24…”

“…Terminated pregnancy was also one of the determinant factors of anaemia in both lactating and non-lactating women. The finding is supported by a study done in Ethiopia 24. Women who have had their pregnancies terminated may be subjected to frequent blood loss, which in turn, results in low haemoglobin levels in the blood.…”

“…Several studies have revealed that anaemia prevalence is not uniform among lactating and non-lactating mothers 21 22. Lactating mothers are considered a more vulnerable group than non-lactating mothers as they are physiologically and nutritionally at a higher risk of iron deficiency and could acquire anaemia during their pregnancy 23 24. Besides, lactating mothers require highly nutritious food to produce an adequate quantity of milk in addition to their needs 25.…”