Materials for creating tissue-engineered constructs using 3D bioprinting: cartilaginous and soft tissue restoration

Abstract

3D Bioprinting is a dynamically developing technology for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The main advantage of this technique is its ability to reproduce a given scaffold geometry and structure both in terms of the shape of the tissue-engineered construct and the distribution of its components. The key factor in bioprinting is bio ink, a cell-laden biocompatible material that mimics extracellular matrix. To meet all the requirements, the bio ink must include not only the main material, but also other components ensuring cell proliferation, differentiation and scaffold performance as a whole. The purpose of this review is to describe the most common materials applicable in bioprinting, consider their properties, prospects and limitations in cartilage restoration.

Bioprinting of Cartilage with Bioink Based on High-Concentration Collagen and Chondrocytes

“…Collagen’s advantages and limitations relating to 3D-bioprinting are well known. In fact, collagen is the main option for all tissue engineering [ 9 ]. However, it has limited mechanical properties.…”

“…There is a significant number of published data on restoring articular cartilage [ 4 ], the trachea [ 5 ], intervertebral disc [ 6 ], auricle [ 7 ], and thyroid cartilage [ 8 ]. Collagen is the most applied biomaterial for tissue-engineered structures (scaffolds) [ 9 ]. It is a structural protein that forms the basis of the body’s connective tissue and ensures its strength and elasticity.…”

Legal regulation of additive technologies in modern biomedicine

“…Уже сейчас можно констатировать биопринтинг человеческого уха (например, в Австралии и США 14 ). Быстрыми темпами развивается биопечать хрящевых тканей (Arguchinskaya, et al, 2021) и биопечать кожи (учитывая распространенность ее повреждений -от ожогов до различных ран и язвенных образований). В последнем случае возможна биопечать в различных видах для последующей пересадки (в том числе с использованием искусственных материалов), так и биопечать кожи in situ, то есть на месте.…”

Cartilage Formation In Vivo Using High Concentration Collagen-Based Bioink with MSC and Decellularized ECM Granules

“…Extrusion-based bioprinting is a key technique of tissue engineering and biofabrication. It can be used to form scaffolds of a certain external shape and complex internal structure [ 1 , 2 ]. Bioprinting is fully dependent on bioinks, which include biomaterials in a form of hydrogels, growth factors (or other signaling molecules) and cells.…”