Material transport from the near shore to the basinal environment in the southern Baltic Sea

Emeis, Kay–Christian; Christiansen, Christian; Edelvang, Karen; Jähmlich, Sabine; Kozuch, J.; Laima, Mario; Leipe, Thomas; Löffler, Annekatrin; Lund-Hansen, Lars Chresten; Miltner, Anja; Pazdro, Ksenia; Pempkowiak, Janusz; Pollehne, Falk; Shimmield, Tracy M; Voß, Maren; Witt, Gesine

doi:10.1016/s0924-7963(02)00127-6

Cited by 67 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The organic carbon content of the surface sediment was 3.3 wt% and the atomic C/N ratio was 10.0 ± 0.3. Similar C/N ratios of bottom water particles and sediments in the central Arkona Basin were reported by Emeis et al (2002). …”

supporting

confidence: 86%

Measurement and interpretation of solute concentration gradients in the benthic boundary layer

Holtappels

Kuypers

Schlüter

et al. 2011

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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The coastal ocean is characterized by high exchange rates of organic matter, oxygen, and nutrients between the sediment and the water column. The solutes that are exchanged between the sediment and the overlying water column are transported across the benthic boundary layer (BBL) by means of turbulent diffusion. Thus, solute concentration gradients in the BBL contain valuable information about the respective fluxes. In this study, we present the instrumentation and sampling strategies to measure oxygen and nutrient concentration gradients in the BBL. We provide the theoretical background and the calculation procedure to derive ratios of nutrient and oxygen fluxes from these concentration gradients. The noninvasive approach is illustrated at two sampling sites in the western Baltic Sea where nutrient and oxygen concentration gradients of up to 5 and 30 µM m -1 , respectively, were measured. Nutrient and oxygen flux ratios were used to establish a nitrogen flux balance between sediment and water column indicating that 20% and 50% of the mineralized nitrogen left the sediment in form of N 2 (station A and B, respectively). The results are supported by sediment incubation experiments of intact sediment cores, measuring denitrification rates, and oxygen uptake. The presented flux ratio approach is applicable without knowledge of turbulent diffusivities in the BBL and is, therefore, unaffected by non-steady-state current velocities and diffusivities.*Corresponding author: E-mail: mholtapp@mpi-bremen.de AcknowledgmentWe thank Bernd Schneider and Anne Loeffler (Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde) who provided ship time on RV Professor Albrecht Penck; Gaute Lavik for assistance in mass spectrometry and data analysis, G. Klockgether, M. Meyer, and J. Schmidt for analytical assistance, F. Wenzhoefer, H. Roy, and P. Faerber for technical assistance and the crews of RV Heinke and RV Professor Albrecht Penck for excellent collaboration. This study was funded through DFG-Research Center/Excellence Cluster, "The Ocean in the Earth System," and the Max Planck Society. DOI 10.4319/lom.2011.9.1 Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 9, 2011Methods 9, , 1-13 © 2011, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. LIMNOLOGY and OCEANOGRAPHY: METHODSespecially the bottom water flow (Tengberg et al. 2005). The incubated water needs to be mixed artificially to simulate the flow of the bottom water. However, the degree of stirring can change the concentration of suspended particulate matter, the behavior of the macrofauna, or the porewater flow in permeable sediments.In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the water layer just above the sediment-the so called benthic boundary layer (BBL)-which is characterized by turbulent boundary layer flow (Dade et al. 2001). As this layer intimately links the sediment to the water column, it is well-suited for the noninvasive observation and quantification of concentration gradients and fluxes between sediment and water column. So far, only a few studies (R...

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confidence: 86%

Measurement and interpretation of solute concentration gradients in the benthic boundary layer

Holtappels

Kuypers

Schlüter

et al. 2011

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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“…Up to now the observed time series had to be extrapolated into the past on a vague database (Pätsch and Radach 1997). New methods, like applications of the d 15 N method by Voß and Struck (1997) and Emeis et al (2002), may help to reconstruct the temporal development of N loads. This would improve the modelling approach for discriminating the natural from anthropogenic causes of eutrophication.…”

Section: Consequences For the Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of continental riverine freshwater and nutrient inputs into the North Sea for the years 1977–2000 and its consequences for the assessment of eutrophication

Radach¹,

Pätsch²

2007

Estuaries and Coasts

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We determined the monthly and annual riverine freshwater, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading into the North Sea from Belgium, The Netherlands, and Germany for the years 1977-2000. An average of 133 km 3 yr 21 of the 309 km 3 yr 21 precipitation into the watershed is carried by the rivers into the sea. Total freshwater discharge fluctuates with a strong 6-7 yr periodicity, is strongly correlated with precipitation, and exhibits a slight long-term decrease. The temporal changes of regional patterns of precipitation lead to changing ratios of annual discharge of the western rivers compared to the eastern rivers, varying between 2.2 and 3.5. The long-term oscillations in discharge were more pronounced as discharge increased. The annual means of total and dissolved inorganic N and P loads were estimated to be 722 and 582 kt N yr 21 and 48 and 26 kt P yr 21 , respectively. The monthly N loads were much more strongly correlated with discharge, compared to the monthly P loads. Total N and P as well as dissolved inorganic N also demonstrated a 6-7 yr periodicity. The annual N loads decreased by about 17 kt N yr 21 from 1977 to 2000. The total phosphorus and phosphate loads decreased from about 80 and 50 kt P yr 21 in the 1980s to 25 and 12 kt P yr 21 , respectively, in the 1990s. The western rivers contributed the major part of the nutrient loads. The long-term oscillations in their nutrient loads were much more pronounced, compared to the eastern rivers. The area-specific loading rates estimated for all rivers are comparable to earlier estimates using shorter data records, smaller sample sizes, and a less complete watershed monitoring program. The monthly and annual average N:P ratios and their variability increased considerably for individual rivers during the study interval. These results confirm that the water quality of European continental rivers is strongly influenced by intense land use. They demonstrate the necessity for using long time series monitoring results to assess change and evaluate the effects of climate change on the North Sea coastal ecosystems, using ecosystem models on decadal time scales.

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“…A flow velocity of 4.5 cm s −1 is required to transport the FLSM Christiansen et al, 2002). The Arkona Deep acts as a final deposition area for the material, with an average mass accumulation rate from 1.0 to 1.8 kg (dry mass) m −2 year −1 (Widrowski and Pempkowiak, 1986;Pempkowiak, 1991;Emeis et al, 2002).…”

Section: The Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth stressing that distance from the shore, in this instance, describes collectively a number of time dependent factors decisive for the FLSM properties. These will include contribution of autochthonous organic matter (Voss and Stock, 1997;Emeis et al, 2002), time factor important for the load of fine sediment fraction contributing to FLSM , atmospheric input (Löffler et al, 2000;Witt et al, 2001), and both autohtonous organic matter production and biochemical degradation ). This assignment is supported by the PC2 loadings exceeding 0.9 for a set of variables closely attributed to the distance from the shore.…”

Section: Principal Components Analysis (Pca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dispersal of chemical species in the water column is determined by a variety of processes such as coastal circulation, particle absorption and adsorption, vertical and horizontal scavenging (Duursma and Carroll, 1996). The contribution of the processes to particulate matter formation varies seasonally, since the climate modifies both hydrological factors and biological activity (Alldredge and Gotschalk, 1990;Mayer-Reil, 1994;Gustafsson et al, 1998;Lund-Hansen et al, 1999;Mayer, 1999;Leipe et al, 2000;Löffler et al, 2000;Emeis et al, 2002, Martino et al, 2002Pempkowiak et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors influencing fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM) properties in the Odra River - Pomeranian Bay - Arkona Deep System (Baltic Sea) as derived by principal components analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA)

Pempkowiak

Bełdowski

Pazdro

et al. 2005

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Factors conditioning formation and properties of suspended matter resting on the sea floor (Fluffy Layer Suspended Matter -FLSM) in the Odra river mouth -Arkona Deep system (southern Baltic Sea) were investigated.Thirty FLSM samples were collected from four sampling stations, during nine cruises, in the period 1996-1998. Twenty six chemical properties of the fluffy material were measured (organic matter-total, humic substances, a variety of fatty acids fractions, P, N, δ13C, δ15N; Li; heavy metalsCo, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Cr). The so obtained data set was subjected to statistical evaluation.Comparison of mean values of the measured properties led to conclusion that both seasonal and spatial differences of the fluffy material collected at the stations occured. Application of Principal Component Analysis, and Cluster Analysis, to the data set amended with environmental characteristics (depth, salinity, chlorophyll a, distance from the river mouth), led to quantification of factors conditioning the FLSM formation. The five most important factors were: contribution of the lithogenic component (responsible for 25% of the data set variability), time dependent factors (including primary productivity, mass exchange with fine sediment fraction, atmospheric deposition, contribution of material originating from abrasion-altogether 21%), contribution of fresh autochtonous organic matter (9%), influence of microbial activity (8%), seasonality (8%).

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Material transport from the near shore to the basinal environment in the southern Baltic Sea

Cited by 67 publications

References 20 publications

Measurement and interpretation of solute concentration gradients in the benthic boundary layer

Measurement and interpretation of solute concentration gradients in the benthic boundary layer

Variability of continental riverine freshwater and nutrient inputs into the North Sea for the years 1977–2000 and its consequences for the assessment of eutrophication

Factors influencing fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM) properties in the Odra River - Pomeranian Bay - Arkona Deep System (Baltic Sea) as derived by principal components analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA)

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