Factors influencing fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM) properties in the Odra River - Pomeranian Bay - Arkona Deep System (Baltic Sea) as derived by principal components analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA)

Pempkowiak, Janusz; Bełdowski, Jacek; Pazdro, Ksenia; Staniszewski, Andrzej; Zaborska, Agata; Leipe, Thomas; Emeis, Kay-Christian

doi:10.5194/hess-9-67-2005

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Hg TOT concentrations in the Bornholm Basin were almost half as low as those from the Belt Sea and the Arkona Basin (Fig. 3a), which confirms the thesis that most of the pollutants introduced via the Odra river are deposited in the Arkona Basin area (Löffler et al 2000;Emeis et al 2002;Pempkowiak et al 2005). Hg TOT concentrations measured in the Bornholm Basin sediments were more than 3 times higher than the value considered to form the geochemical background for Hg (Leipe et al 2013) (Table 2).…”

Section: Bornholm Basinsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The median of Hg TOT concentrations (241.1 ng g −1 ) was almost 10 times higher than the natural background level (Leipe et al 2013 ) (Table 2 ). A very important source of Hg in the Arkona Basin is the Odra river, which supplies SPM through the Pomeranian Bay estuary towards the north (Löffler et al 2000 ; Emeis et al 2002 ; Pempkowiak et al 2005 ). High Hg concentration in surface sediments may be connected to military activities, i.e., release of Hg containing materials from ships or wrecked submarines (Perttilä and Brügmann 1992 ; Leipe et al 2008 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea

Kwasigroch

Bełdowska

Jędruch

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The study aimed to determine the level of mercury (Hg) and its labile and stable forms in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea. The work considers the impact of current and historical sources of Hg on sediment pollution, together with the influence of different environmental parameters, including water inflows from the North Sea. Surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected in 2016–2017 at 91 stations located in different areas of the Baltic Sea, including Belt Sea, Arkona Basin, Bornholm Basin, Gdańsk Basin, West Gotland Basin, East Gotland Basin, and the Bothnian Sea. Besides, the particulate matter suspended in the surface and near-bottom water was also collected. The analysis of total Hg concentration and individual Hg forms in collected samples was carried out using a 5-step thermodesorption method. This method allows for the identification of three labile and thus biologically available, fractions of Hg, which are mercury halides, organic Hg, mercury oxide and sulphate. Two stable fractions, mercury sulphide and residual Hg, were also determined. The highest Hg concentrations, reaching 341 ng g−1, were measured in the highly industrialised Kiel Bay, which was additionally a munition dumping site during and after World War II. High Hg level, ranging from 228 to 255 ng g−1, was also recorded in the surface sediments of the Arkona Basin, which was a result of the cumulative effect of several factors, such as deposition of Hg-rich riverine matter, favourable hydrodynamic conditions and military activities in the past. The relatively elevated Hg concentrations, varying from 60 to 264 ng g−1, were found in the Gdańsk Basin, a region under strong anthropopressure and dominated by soft sediments. The sum of labile Hg in sediments was high and averaged 67% (with the domination of organic Hg compounds), which means that a large part of Hg can be released to the water column. It was found that the water inflows from the North Sea intensify the remobilisation of Hg and its transformation into bioavailable labile forms. As a consequence, the load of Hg introduced into the trophic chain can increase. Despite the significant reduction of Hg emission into the Baltic in the last decades, surface sediments can be an important secondary Hg source in the marine ecosystem. This is especially dangerous in the case of the western Baltic Sea.

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Section: Bornholm Basinsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea

Kwasigroch

Bełdowska

Jędruch

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Instead, they are transported over longer distances and do not accumulate in the coastal zone area. Transport of fine particulates from the coastal zone into remote accumulation areas was previously reported in the Baltic Sea, in the form of unconsolidated sediments travelling via subsequent resuspension-deposition cycles (Pempkowiak et al 2002 , 2005 ; Uścinowicz 2011 ). However, the number of processes that can affect the percentage of particular Hg fractions in deeper regions, where sediments accumulate, is so high (i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Coastal erosion—a “new” land-based source of labile mercury to the marine environment

Kwasigroch

Bełdowska

Jędruch

et al. 2018

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Mercury (Hg) can be introduced into the marine environment in many different ways. In the case of the Baltic Sea, rivers and atmospheric deposition are the predominant ones. However, in the face of ongoing climate change, a new potential source, coastal erosion, is starting to become more important and is currently considered to be the third largest source of Hg in the Gdansk Basin region. It is especially significant along sections of coastline where, due to the higher frequency of extreme natural phenomena such as storms, heavy rains, and floods, increased erosion processes have already been noted. Cliffs, which account for about 20% of the Polish coastline, are particularly vulnerable. The aim of the study was to estimate the annual load of labile Hg entering the Gdansk Basin as a result of coastal erosion. Samples of down-core sediments (0–65 cm) were collected in the years 2016–2017 from selected cliffs situated in the Gulf of Gdansk area. The thermodesorption method was used to distinguish between labile and stable fractions of Hg. Considering the mean total Hg concentrations in the collected sediments (9.7 ng g−1) and the mean share of labile (64%), bioavailable mercury, it was estimated that the load of labile Hg originating from coastal erosion entering the Gdansk Basin is 10.0 kg per year. The load can increase by up to 50% in the case of episodic abrasion events during heavy storms and rains.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-018-2856-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…This statistical tool extracts the best linear lower dimension subset of a multivariate dataset, by reiterating the dataset into a set of factors as linear combinations of the original variables. This is achieved by generating a set of new dimensions, or components, which explain the variations in the data matrix [38]. More particularly, the approach of the PCA is to perform the eigen decomposition of the variables' covariance matrix.…”

Section: Principal Component Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Role of Water for the Stability of Shallow Landslides—Insights from Experimental Tests

Ivanov

Arosio

Tresoldi

et al. 2020

Water

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Shallow soil slips are a significant hydrogeological hazard which could affect extended areas of the high-gradient mountainous landscape. Their triggering is highly dependent on the rainfall water infiltration and its further redistribution, as well as the characteristic properties of the soil itself. The complex interaction between those factors generates a considerable degree of uncertainty in the understanding of the governing processes. In this work, we take a small step further towards the untangling of those intricate relationships through observation. The results of a set of 20 downscaled shallow land mass failures are analysed through a principal component analysis and a further detailed look at the resulting parametric trends. Moreover, electrical resistivity tomography measurements are added up to the interpretation of experimental data, by providing a glimpse on the rainfall water infiltration process at the subsurface level. The outcome of this work implies that the coupled interaction between rainfall intensity, hydraulic conductivity and soil moisture gradient is governing the stability of soil and while rainfall intensity and duration are essential instability predictors, they must be integrated with antecedent moisture and site-specific characteristics. A tentative comparison of the dataset with existing rainfall thresholds for shallow landslide occurrence suggests the potential application of experimental tests for thresholds' definition or validation under the appropriate dimensional analysis. A dimensional analysis indicated the interconnection of parameters intrinsic to the problem, and the significance of scale effects in performing a downscaled simulation of land mass failure.

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Factors influencing fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM) properties in the Odra River - Pomeranian Bay - Arkona Deep System (Baltic Sea) as derived by principal components analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA)

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea

Distribution and bioavailability of mercury in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea

Coastal erosion—a “new” land-based source of labile mercury to the marine environment

Investigation on the Role of Water for the Stability of Shallow Landslides—Insights from Experimental Tests

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