“…Sapphire is a type of single crystal widely used in modern industries, for example, working as panels in mobile phones and watches, 1,2 as optical windows in various military optical sensors, 3,4 due to its excellent properties of high hardness, ultrahigh melting point, and peculiar light transmission. 1,5 In these applications, sapphire is generally subjected to contact or collision loads, and thus, it inevitably suffers from the destruction of being scratched and marked as well as mechanical failure by fracture. 6 Although some strengthening technologies have been developed for materials such as ceramics and metals, they are not applicable to sapphire.…”