Material properties of CMT—metal additive manufactured duplex stainless steel blade-like geometries

Posch, Gerhard; Chladil, Kerstin; Chladil, Harald F.

doi:10.1007/s40194-017-0474-5

Cited by 100 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Preliminary investigations by Posch et al [2] on the production of turbine blades by WAAM with the GMAW-CMT process and the standard filler metal G 22 9 3 N L show an excessively austenitic microstructure with a ferrite content of less than 30%. The microstructure of the welded turbine blade showed finely distributed secondary austenite in the ferrite grains.…”

Section: Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include, for example, the adherence to specific energy input per unit length and interpass temperatures, as well as the use of similar filler metals with an increased nickel content compared to the base metal. However, recent investigations show that the application of the welding recommendations results in a microstructure with disproportionately high austenite content in additive multilayer welds if these were produced with a cold metal transfer (CMT) process and one bead per layer [2][3][4][5]. The high austenite content, as well as the formation of secondary austenite, significantly reduces strength and corrosion resistance [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components

Stützer

Totzauer

Wittig

et al. 2019

Metals

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The use of commercially available filler metals for wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of duplex stainless steel components results in a microstructure with a very low ferrite content. The ferrite–austenite ratio in the duplex stainless steel weld metal depends on both the cooling rate and particularly on the chemical composition. However, the research and testing of special filler metals for additive deposition welding using wire and arc processes is time-consuming and expensive. This paper describes a method that uses an additional cold wire feed in the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process to selectively vary the alloy composition and thus the microstructure of duplex stainless steel weld metal. By mixing different filler metals, a reduction of the nickel equivalent and hence an increase in the ferrite content in additively manufactured duplex stainless steel specimens was achieved. The homogeneous mixing of electrode and cold wire was verified by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, the addition of cold wire resulted in a significant increase in sample height while the sample width remained approximately the same.

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Section: Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components

Stützer

Totzauer

Wittig

et al. 2019

Metals

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show abstract

“…To produce near-net shape components, powder metallurgy is also applicable for complex geometries [7]. Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) of DSS has also been practiced using powder or wire as feedstock [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hengsbach et al [20] produced a type-2205 DSS piece with SLM, where they got 99% ferrite fraction, while heat treatment at 1000°C decreased the ferrite fraction to 66%. Posch et al [8] investigated wire-arc AM (WAAM) of DSS using type-2209 filler metal and coldmetal transfer (CMT) process. This technique produced a sample with a microstructure having an as-built ferrite number of 30 FN and mechanical properties comparable with those from the filler metal certificate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire-arc additive manufacturing of a duplex stainless steel: thermal cycle analysis and microstructure characterization

et al. 2019

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The evolution of microstructures with thermal cycles was studied for wire-arc additive manufacturing of duplex stainless steel blocks. To produce samples, arc energy of 0.5 kJ/mm and interlayer temperature of 150°C were used as low heat input-low interlayer temperature (LHLT) and arc energy of 0.8 kJ/mm and interlayer temperature of 250°C as high heat input-high interlayer temperature (HHHT). Thermal cycles were recorded with different thermocouples attached to the substrate as well as the built layers. The microstructure was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a similar geometry was produced with 14 layers-4 beads in each layer-for LHLT and 15 layers-3 beads in each layer-for HHHT. Although the number of reheating cycles was higher for LHLT, each layer was reheated for a shorter time at temperatures above 600°C, compared with HHHT. A higher austenite fraction (+ 8%) was achieved for as-deposited LHLT beads, which experienced faster cooling between 1200 and 800°C. The austenite fraction of the bulk of additively manufactured samples, reheated several times, was quite similar for LHLT and HHHT samples. A higher fraction of secondary phases was found in the HHHT sample due to longer reheating at a high temperature. In conclusion, an acceptable austenite fraction with a low fraction of secondary phases was obtained in the bulk of wire-arc additively manufactured duplex stainless steel samples (35-60%), where higher austenite fractions formed with a larger number of reheating cycles as well as longer reheating at high peak temperatures (800-1200°C).

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“…This development was made possible, among other things, by new welding process variants in the short arc range [9][10][11] developed in recent decades, as well as by findings regarding the importance of welding sequence and energy input on the shape accuracy and the mechanical properties occurring in the material, [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Material Design in Welding Arc Additive Manufacturing

Treutler

Kamper

Leicher

et al. 2019

Metals

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Due to the inherent properties of the process, arc-based generative manufacturing offers the possibility, of specifically applying different material properties locally. One possibility to realize this is the use of different materials. Three approaches are presented to illustrate this option. First, anisotropic behavior in the welding direction is generated. For this purpose, a FeNi36 is specifically combined with a low-alloy ultra-high-strength fine-grained structural steel filler metal. It will be shown that the integral component properties can be specifically adjusted in the welding direction. In addition, the metallurgical and welding characteristics will be discussed. As a second possibility, the use of well plasticizable materials to locally increase the material strength under cyclic loading with locally notched components is presented. For this purpose, an austenitic FeNi36 with good plasticizability and a good yield strength ratio for the application was applied to a fillet weld of a high-strength fine-grained structural steel in the weld seam toe. It is shown that the tolerable cyclic load can be improved by 35% by this procedure. Thirdly, it is shown that the required thickness of corrosion protection layers can be reduced by 50% through a targeted production sequence in arc-based generative manufacturing.

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Material properties of CMT—metal additive manufactured duplex stainless steel blade-like geometries

Cited by 100 publications

References 8 publications

GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components

GMAW Cold Wire Technology for Adjusting the Ferrite–Austenite Ratio of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Duplex Stainless Steel Components

Wire-arc additive manufacturing of a duplex stainless steel: thermal cycle analysis and microstructure characterization

Multi-Material Design in Welding Arc Additive Manufacturing

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