“…In an attempt to resolve such mixed findings, researchers have long examined individual differences as moderators in determining the impact of temporal framing. In the context of advertising research, individual differences that have drawn scholarly attention include: self-construal (interdependent vs. independent; Pounders, Lee, & Mackert, 2015;Spassova & Lee, 2013), temporal orientation (future oriented vs. present oriented; Martin, Gnoth, & Strong, 2009;Tangari & Smith, 2012), regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention; Pennington & Roese, 2003), and consumer expertise (high vs. low; Kim, Rao, & Lee, 2009).…”