Massive organized intrapericardial hematoma mimicking constrictive pericarditis

Abstract

Blunt and penetrating chest trauma as a cause of hemopericardium with subsequent cardiac tamponade and/or constrictive pericarditis due either to the presence of intrapericardial clotted blood or chronic inflammation has been well described.1-3 We describe here an unusual patient who presented with massive organized intrapericardial hematoma with the hemodynamic characteristics of chronic constrictive pericarditis 4 years after suffering blunt chest trauma. The diagnostic studies, including two-dimensional echocardography and cardiac CT scan which aided in establishing the preoperative diagnosis of the etiology of the constriction, are demonstrated. A 25-year-old man with a ?-month history of ankle swelling and a 2-month history of abdominal swelling was admitted for evaluation. Four years prior to admission, the patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident in which he suffered chest trauma from the steering wheel. No chest x-ray examination was obtained at that time. He described hemoptysis associated with that incident. During the 3-Y2 year interim he denied any subsequent chest trauma. His major symptom at the time of admission was dyspnea on exertion. On physical examination he appeared chronically ill. There was marked jugular venous distention with prominent x and y descent. An early diastolic sound was present on cardiac examination, and the point of maximal intensity was only faintly palpable in the sixth intercostal space at the anterior axillary line. There was marked tense ascites, the liver was palpable 13 cm below the right costal margin and was not pulsatile, and trace pretibial edema was present. An ECG demonstrated sinus tachycardia and low voltage. Chest x-ray examination revealed bilateral costophrenic angle blunting and cardiomegaly. The left heart border was markedly irregular and "tented" (Fig. 1). Cardiac catheterization revealed elevated end-diastolic pressures with equalization of diastolic pressures between the right atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The intracardiac pressures were (mm Hg): right atrium (mean 15), right ventricle (30/15) with characteristic diastolic dip and plateau, pulmonary artery (30/19), and pulmonary artery wedge (mean 19). No significant (greater than 10 mm Hg) respiratory variation in pressures was noted. Cineangiography by contrast injection into the low right

Large Organized Intrapericardial Hematoma Presenting as a Case of Constrictive Pericarditis and Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

“…However, he gave a vague history of pericardiocentesis at the age of eight for an unknown cause. Pericardial constriction has been reported to occur up to 20 years after chest trauma (5,8) but the history of pericardiocentesis in our patient was 29 years before presentation. Whether this incident was related to his current problem is not known.…”

“…Most reported cases of intrapericardial hematoma presenting as SVCS and constrictive pericarditis were reported in association with aortic dissection, (6) cardiac surgery (3,4) and following chest trauma. (5) Intrapericardial bleeding may present acutely causing cardiac tamponade. However, if pericardial hematoma develops and persists, it will induce intrapericardial inflammation, granulation tissue formation, adhesions and calcification leading to constriction.…”