Massive Integration of Planktonic Cells within a Developing Biofilm

Abstract

During biofilm growth, the coexistence of planktonic and sessile cells can lead to dynamic exchanges between the two populations. We have monitored the fate of these populations in glass tube assays, where the Bacillus thuringiensis 407 strain produces a floating pellicle. Time-lapse spectrophotometric measurement methods revealed that the planktonic population grew until the pellicle started to be produced. Thereafter, the planktonic population decreased rapidly down to a value close to zero while the biofilm was in continuous growth, showing no dispersal until 120 h of culture. We found that this decrease was induced by the presence of the pellicle, but did not occur when oxygen availability was limited, suggesting that it was independent of cell death or cell sedimentation and that the entire planktonic population has integrated the biofilm. To follow the distribution of recruited planktonic cells within the pellicle, we tagged planktonic cells with GFP and sessile cells with mCherry. Fluorescence binocular microscopy observations revealed that planktonic cells, injected through a 24-h-aged pellicle, were found only in specific areas of the biofilm, where the density of sessile cells was low, showing that spatial heterogeneity can occur between recruited cells and sessile cells in a monospecies biofilm.

Bacillus cereus sensu lato biofilm formation and its ecological importance

“…Thereafter, while the biofilm continues to grow, planktonic cells rapidly decrease in number, and eventually the entire planktonic cell population integrates into the biofilm. Interestingly, freshly recruited planktonic cells are mainly located in specific areas of the biofilm, where few sessile cells are originally present, suggesting spatial heterogeneity between the two populations [ 85 ]. In the case of floating biofilms of B. thuringiensis , two main structures have been described (ring and pellicle).…”