“…In the recent decade, many metabolomics studies had been performed to discover and identify differential metabolites or biomarkers to facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of AD, and evaluating of the therapeutic efficacy of drugs against AD by using plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and urine samples (Oresic et al, 2011;Tsuruoka et al, 2013;Mapstone et al, 2014). Since urinary metabolomics analysis has many advantages, such as non-invasive, sensitive, convenient, rapid, etc., it has received great attention in AD treatment, diagnosis, and drug evaluation (Liu et al, 2019;Wei et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2021).…”