Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lingzhi) During the Developmental Stages

Abstract

Lingzhi is a Ganoderma mushroom species which has a wide range of bioactivities. Analysis of the changes in metabolites during the developmental stages of lingzhi is important to understand the underlying mechanism of its biosynthesis, as well as its bioactivity. It may also provide valuable information for the cultivation efficiency of lingzhi. In this study, mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was carried out to analyze the alteration of metabolites during developmental stages of lingzhi. Eight developmental stages were categorized on the basis of morphological changes; starting from mycelium stage to post-mature stage. GC/MS and LC/MS analyses along with multivariate analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were performed. Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, polyols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and some small polar metabolites were extracted as marker metabolites from GC/MS analysis, while, lanostane-type triterpenoids were observed in LC/MS analysis of lingzhi. The marker metabolites from untargeted analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were correlated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Two metabolites, compounds 34 and 35, were identified as potential contributors of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The current result shows that some metabolites are involved in the developmental process and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of lingzhi.

The Application of Ethanolic Ultrasonication to Ameliorate the Triterpenoid Content Extracted from Vietnamese Ganoderma lucidum with the Examination by Gas Chromatography

“…Fatty acids included n‐hexadecanoic acid (4), cis‐vaccenic acid (8), and 6‐octadecenoic acid (7), and ester of fatty acids consisted of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2), 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)‐, methyl ester (5), 8‐octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6), 9‐octadecenoic acid (Z)‐, 2‐hydroxy‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (9) were also found in previous studies [53,54] . In addition, terephthalic acid, 2‐ethylhexyl octyl ester (1) is usually used as plasticizer, which was also recorded in a previous study [55] . However, there were no previous studies recorded of obtaining heptafluorobutanoic acid, heptadecyl ester (3).…”

The Effects of Major Mushroom Bioactive Compounds on Mechanisms That Control Blood Glucose Level

“…Triterpenoid ganoderol B identified in the chloroform extract of G. lucidum showed greater inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase than acarbose [ 81 ] due to the presence of hydroxyl groups at C-3 and at C-25 and a double bond in the side chain which are responsible for the high activity of this compound [ 82 ]. Analysis of 25 triterpenes isolated from ethanol extracts of G. lingzhi fruiting bodies at various stages of development showed stronger inhibitory effects against α-glycosidase than the standard inhibitor used [ 83 , 84 ].…”

Mushrooms of the Genus Ganoderma Used to Treat Diabetes and Insulin Resistance

“…For comparison, the IC 50 value for acarbose, a clinically approved inhibitor, was IC 50 347 ± 53.3 μg/mL. In general, G. lingzhi ethanol extracts at each developmental stage showed a stronger inhibitory effect than the standard inhibitor used [54,55].…”

“…Due to the satisfactory effect and medical potential of Ganoderma , they were used in clinical studies for various indications, not only diabetes [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66].…”