Mass spectrometric determination of cocaine and its biologically active metabolite, norcocaine, in human urine

Jindal, Satya P.; Lutz, Theresa; Vestergaard, Per

doi:10.1002/bms.1200051205

Cited by 36 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, in forensic science the determination of drugs is obliged to be performed by two different methods. Determination of cocaine by gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/high performance liquid chromatography has been described (Javaid et al 1975;Jindal et al 1978;Chinn et al 1980;Lewin et al 1980;Clark 1981;Griesemer et al 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioimmunological determination of cocaine in human hair

1987

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Summary.A simple procedure for the determination of cocaine in human hair was described. After washing hair samples were crushed in 0.1 m HC1 and incubated overnight at 45°C. The acid extracts were neutralized with 1 m NaOH. Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was added to the extracts. The cocaine concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Detection in hair was achieved in all hair samples obtained from cocaine users. This method appears to be suitable for the routine determination of cocaine. Key word: Cocaine, radioimmunological determination in hairZusammenfassung. Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine Methode fiir die Bestimmung von Kokain im menschlichen Haar. Das Haar wurde gewaschen, zermalt mit 0,1m HC1 und tiber Nacht bei 45°C inkubiert. Nach Neutralisierung mit 1 m NaOH wurde Phosphat-Puffer (pH 7,4) zugesetzt. Die KokainKonzentrationen wurden mittels Radioimmunoassay bestimmt. In allen Haarproben yon Kokainabh~ingigen wurden megbare Konzentrationen nachgewiesen. Dieses Veffahren stellt eine schnelle und einfache Routinemethode dar.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioimmunological determination of cocaine in human hair

1987

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“…Cocaine is N-demethylated to norcocaine and further converted to N-hydroxynorcocaine. The presence of norcocaine has been demonstrated in man (Inaba et al 1978;Jindal et al 1978;Lowry et al 1979), whereas N-hydroxynorcocaine has been identified in rats and mice only (Evans 1983;Shuster et al 1983;Jindal and Lutz 1986;Benuck et al 1988). When administered to mice at equimolar doses, norcocaine was demonstrated to be more hepatotoxic than the cocaine parent molecule, and N-hydroxynorcocaine was the most potent species of all (Thompson et al 1979).…”

Section: Metabolic Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 91%

Biomechanisms of cocaine-induced hepatocyte injury mediated by the formation of reactive metabolites

Boelsterli

Göldlin

1991

Arch Toxicol

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Cocaine is an intrinsic hepatotoxin in laboratory animals, and there is growing evidence that high doses of cocaine can precipitate hepatic necrosis in humans. The rodent model of cocaine hepatotoxicity is commensurate with the concept that a multistep mainly cytochrome P-450 dependent N-oxidative pathway is responsible for the expression of hepatocellular injury. Among the possible biomechanisms by which cocaine exerts its cytotoxic effects, direct oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species generated by redox cycling during the metabolic cascade seems most important. The role of the ensuing lipid peroxidation and protein thiol oxidation is less clear. Similarly, the functional role of irreversible (covalent) binding of a not yet defined electrophilic cocaine intermediate to hepatocellular proteins remains enigmatic so long as the critical molecular targets have not been identified. Finally, glutathione plays a pivotal protective role against cocaine-induced hepatic injury. Interactions with ethanol or inducers of the expression of the cytochrome P-450IIB subfamily can potentiate cocaine hepatotoxicity. Thus, the net amount of the ultimate reactive species seems to determine the severity of the hepatic lesions and to be responsible for the marked interspecies, interstrain, and sex differences. Recent advances in culture techniques of hepatocytes and precision-cut liver slices from various species including man have made it possible to correlate cocaine biotransformation with cytotoxicity and to selectively study the putative cellular mechanisms. Clearly, more studies are necessary to further illuminate our understanding of the role of the biochemical and molecular events precipitating hepatic necrosis during cocaine-mediated hepatotoxicity.

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“…1). Cocaine concentrations measured by GC/MS in plasma, urine, and tissue samples, but not in hair, were reported (Javaid et al 1975;Jindal et al 1978;Chinn et al 1980;Lewin et al 1980;Griesemer et al 1983). However, in forensic toxicology the determination of drugs is obliged to be performed by two different methods.…”

Section: Ps Ls Local Anestheti C Aooictive Orugmentioning

confidence: 95%

Determination of cocaine in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Balabanova

Homoki

1987

Z Rechtsmed

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Summary.A qualitative method for the determination of cocaine alone without its metabolites in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. The assay used helium as carrier gas, a 30-m bonded phase fused silica OV-1 capillary column, and solid injection at 290°C evaporator temperature.The cocaine concentrations in hair were determined also by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The values obtained are the sum of cocaine and its metabolites.Both GC/MS and RIA meet the requirements for the determination of drug abuse by two different methods in forensic science.

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Mass spectrometric determination of cocaine and its biologically active metabolite, norcocaine, in human urine

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Radioimmunological determination of cocaine in human hair

Radioimmunological determination of cocaine in human hair

Biomechanisms of cocaine-induced hepatocyte injury mediated by the formation of reactive metabolites

Determination of cocaine in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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