Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi, &lt;em&gt;Metarhizium robertsii&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Metarhizium pinghaense&lt;/em&gt;, for Commercial Application Against Insect Pests

Mathulwe, Letodi Luki; Malan, Antoinette P.; Stokwe, Nomakholwa Faith

doi:10.3791/63246

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Conidia were prepared by growing EAMb 09/01-Su in 2 stages. First, an EAMb 09/01-Su pre-inoculum at 5 × 10 6 conidia·mL −1 was inoculated in 100 mL glucose-yeast extract liquid medium [ 32 ] and grown at 26 °C for 72 h with orbital shaking at 200 rpm. The resulting culture was inoculated to sterile vaporized rice spread over aluminum shelves at 0.25 g·cm −2 by adding 0.1 mL of culture and 0.9 mL saline solution (0.9% aqueous NaCl) per gram of rice.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) in the Soil Is Affected by Formulation Type as Shown by Strain-Specific DNA Markers

Hernández

Sant

Martínez

et al. 2023

JoF

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The genus Metarhizium has an increasingly important role in the development of Integrated Pest Control against Tephritid fruit flies in aerial sprays targeting adults and soil treatments targeting preimaginals. Indeed, the soil is considered the main habitat and reservoir of Metarhizium spp., which may be a plant-beneficial microorganism due to its lifestyle as an endophyte and/or rhizosphere-competent fungus. This key role of Metarhizium spp. for eco-sustainable agriculture highlights the priority of developing proper monitoring tools not only to follow the presence of the fungus in the soil and to correlate it with its performance against Tephritid preimaginals but also for risk assessment studies for patenting and registering biocontrol strains. The present study aimed at understanding the population dynamics of M. brunneum strain EAMb 09/01-Su, which is a candidate strain for olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) preimaginal control in the soil, when applied to the soil at the field using different formulations and propagules. For this, strain-specific DNA markers were developed and used to track the levels of EAMb 09/01-Su in the soil of 4 field trials. The fungus persists over 250 days in the soil, and the levels of the fungus remained higher when applied as an oil-dispersion formulation than when applied as a wettable powder or encapsulated microsclerotia. Peak concentrations of EAMb 09/01-Su depend on the exogenous input and weakly on environmental conditions. These results will help us to optimize the application patterns and perform accurate risk assessments during further development of this and other entomopathogenic fungus-based bioinsecticides.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) in the Soil Is Affected by Formulation Type as Shown by Strain-Specific DNA Markers

Hernández

Sant

Martínez

et al. 2023

JoF

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“…The conidia powder was dried in a freeze dryer (BiLon, Shanghai, China), and then sealed and stored at 4 °C. Before use, the key quality indicators of conidia powder were determined as conidia number (2.36 ± 0.06) × 10 10 /g, life conidia (96.69 ± 0.92)%, and water content (2.15 ± 0.13)% [ 15 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of Fungal Strains and Formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae to Control Phyllotreta striolata in Chinese Flowering Cabbage

Chen

Wei

et al. 2023

Insects

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(1) Background: The cabbage flea beetle (CFB; Phyllotreta striolata) seriously damages the production of Chinese flowering cabbage (CFC; Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis), which is a key leafy vegetable in South China. A large number of chemical insecticides have been sprayed to control this pest; as a result, residues and resistances are becoming an issue. It is necessary to develop biocontrol technologies to address this issue. (2) Methods: Fungal strains were selected based on bioactivity against CFB, and CFC seed pelletization with fungal conidia was subject to evaluation of control efficacy against CFB. The effective mixture of fungus and chemical insecticide was determined based on safety and joint toxicology tests. (3) Results: The screening of 103 strains from 14 genera identified the Metarhizium anisopliae strain MaGX19S02 (Ma) as the one with the highest virulence. The LC50s of Ma to CFB adult and second instar larvae on day 9 post-treatment were 3.04 × 106 and 27.2 × 106 spores/mL, respectively. In the pot test, the pelletization of CFC seeds with Ma conidia (50/25/12.5 mg in 1 g seed with 4 g fillers) demonstrated significant CFB mortalities (45–82%) 20 days after the larvae were introduced. In the field test, the seed pelletization achieved 57–81% control efficacy 14 days after sowing. Furthermore, the combination of Ma with chlorfenapyr (Chl) demonstrated a synergistic effect against CFB; based on this result, we prepared the mixture formulation of 20% Ma-Chl wettable powder (WP). The assessment of the effects of 20% Ma-Chl WP (500× diluent) against CFB revealed 93.33% mortality in the pot test and 61.3% control efficacy in the field test on day 7 post-treatment. (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the potential of Ma to control CFB in the field. Seed pelletization with Ma conidia effectively controlled CFB larvae and protected CFC seedlings, wherein a mixture formulation of 20% Ma-Chl WP had substantial efficacy in controlling CFB adults. Our research provides new methods for CFB biocontrol.

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“…Their endophytic behaviour allows them to colonise plant-derived substrates, affecting plant-volatile emissions during insect infestations [ 102 ]. Plant-derived substrates, such as rice grains, can be used for mass production and formulation of EFs [ 103 , 104 ].…”

Section: Multitrophic Interactions Of Entomopathogenic Fungi Crops An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Ectomosphere”: Insects and Microorganism Interactions

et al. 2023

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This study focuses on interacting with insects and their ectosymbiont (lato sensu) microorganisms for environmentally safe plant production and protection. Some cases help compare ectosymbiont microorganisms that are insect-borne, -driven, or -spread relevant to endosymbionts’ behaviour. Ectosymbiotic bacteria can interact with insects by allowing them to improve the value of their pabula. In addition, some bacteria are essential for creating ecological niches that can host the development of pests. Insect-borne plant pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These pathogens interact with their vectors to enhance reciprocal fitness. Knowing vector-phoront interaction could considerably increase chances for outbreak management, notably when sustained by quarantine vector ectosymbiont pathogens, such as the actual Xylella fastidiosa Mediterranean invasion episode. Insect pathogenic viruses have a close evolutionary relationship with their hosts, also being highly specific and obligate parasites. Sixteen virus families have been reported to infect insects and may be involved in the biological control of specific pests, including some economic weevils. Insects and fungi are among the most widespread organisms in nature and interact with each other, establishing symbiotic relationships ranging from mutualism to antagonism. The associations can influence the extent to which interacting organisms can exert their effects on plants and the proper management practices. Sustainable pest management also relies on entomopathogenic fungi; research on these species starts from their isolation from insect carcasses, followed by identification using conventional light or electron microscopy techniques. Thanks to the development of omics sciences, it is possible to identify entomopathogenic fungi with evolutionary histories that are less-shared with the target insect and can be proposed as pest antagonists. Many interesting omics can help detect the presence of entomopathogens in different natural matrices, such as soil or plants. The same techniques will help localize ectosymbionts, localization of recesses, or specialized morphological adaptation, greatly supporting the robust interpretation of the symbiont role. The manipulation and modulation of ectosymbionts could be a more promising way to counteract pests and borne pathogens, mitigating the impact of formulates and reducing food insecurity due to the lesser impact of direct damage and diseases. The promise has a preventive intent for more manageable and broader implications for pests, comparing what we can obtain using simpler, less-specific techniques and a less comprehensive approach to Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

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Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi, <em>Metarhizium robertsii</em> and <em>Metarhizium pinghaense</em>, for Commercial Application Against Insect Pests

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Persistence of Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) in the Soil Is Affected by Formulation Type as Shown by Strain-Specific DNA Markers

Persistence of Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) in the Soil Is Affected by Formulation Type as Shown by Strain-Specific DNA Markers

Screening of Fungal Strains and Formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae to Control Phyllotreta striolata in Chinese Flowering Cabbage

“Ectomosphere”: Insects and Microorganism Interactions

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