Mass Movement and Erosion of a Southern Pennine Blanket Peat

Tallis, John

doi:10.2307/2259784

Cited by 82 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Peat erosion in the Wicklow mountains probably cannot be attributed to slow peat accumulation rates, and the failure to heal breaches in the surface vegetation. The rates of dry-matter accumulation found in this study are high, and compare with the fastest rates found in the southern Pennines during the last 5500 years (Tallis, 1985). Airborne pollutants have been at levels comparable with northern Scandinavia and are unlikely to have damaged the system.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Recent Accumulation and Erosion of Blanket Peat in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland

Bowler

Bradshaw

1985

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYActive peat erosion is widespread in the Wicklow mountains, and it has been suggested that peat accumulation has slowed or ceased in the area associated with the erosive processes. Analysis of the recent deposition of pollen and magnetic minerals at three sites shows that significant quantities of peat (65 to 16-5 cm) have accumulated within the last 150 years. The fallout of magnetic pollutants is far below that found in the Pennine peats, ruling out certain hypotheses about the causes of montane blanket peat erosion.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Recent Accumulation and Erosion of Blanket Peat in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland

Bowler

Bradshaw

1985

New Phytologist

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“…Macrofossils were extracted by treatment in 20 mL of 7% KOH and quantified as percentage frequency of occurrence according to Tallis (1985). Attempts to quantify the volume of permafrost sediment are complicated by variations in ice content and mineral content, and this method quantifies moss remains, including those from permafrost sediments (Ellis & Rochefort 2004), independently of volume (Tallis 1985), whereas standard measures of bryophyte concentration are based on peat volume (Janssens 1983(Janssens , 1988. Macrofossil specimens (typically bryophyte stems and leaves) were identified using a modern reference collection at the Université Laval Herbarium (QFA) and Nyholm (1954Nyholm ( -1969.…”

Section:    mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term sensitivity of a High Arctic wetland to Holocene climate change

Ellis

Rochefort

2005

Journal of Ecology

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Summary 1The response of peat-rich permafrost soils to human-induced climate change may be especially important in modifying the global C-flux. We examined the Holocene developmental record of a High Arctic peat-forming wetland to investigate its sensitivity to past climate change and aid understanding of the likely effects of future climate warming on high-latitude ecosystems. 2 The microhabitat of mosses was quantified in the present-day polygon-complex at Bylot Island (73 ° N, 80 ° W) and used to interpret the radiocarbon-dated macrofossil record of three cores, comprising c. 3500 years of wetland development. Recurrent wet and dry phases in the reconstructed palaeohydrological record indicated pronounced temporal variability. Wet and dry phases were compared between cores and with palaeoclimatic proxy values, measured as percentage melt and δ 18 O in nearby ice cores. 3 Periodic wet and dry phases appear unrelated to past climate over c. 50% of the combined stratigraphic records, and are attributable instead to geomorphological mechanisms. At other times, association of wet and dry phases with significantly lower and higher values of percentage melt and δ 18 O indicate a possible effect of past climate change on polygon hydrology and vegetation, although inconsistencies between cores suggest that local geomorphological processes continued to modify a regional climatic effect. However, during a period incorporating the Little Ice Age ( c. 305-530 cal. years  ), reconstructed moisture and vegetation change is pronounced and consistent among all three cores. 4 The results provide strong evidence for the sensitivity of a High Arctic terrestrial ecosystem to past climate change during the Holocene. The estimated magnitude of changes in soil moisture between wet and dry phases is sufficient to imply recurrent shifts in wetland function, periodically impacted upon by pronounced climatic variability, although controlled principally by autogenic processes. The structure and function of such wetlands may therefore be susceptible to predicted, human-induced climate warming.

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“…Unfortunately, there is at present no such reliable techniqueeven an expensive one. Identifiable and datable local pollen events may be useful (Livett, Lee & Tallis, 1979;Tallis, 1985) but the method is time-consuming and works only for peat from areas where there are such suitable events. The ^^°Pb method is expensive.…”

Section: Sample Agementioning

confidence: 99%

REGENERATION OF SPHAGNUM

1986

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SUMMARYWhen disc-shaped horizontal slices of peat cores, three from a bog in mid-Wales and three from a bog in Hampshire, were kept for several months in a saturated atmosphere in a cool greenhouse numerous new shoots of Sphagnum papillosum (Lindb. 5. magellanicum Brid. and S. recurvum P. Beauv. w^ere produced.The new shoots arose on peat discs from at least 30 cm below the surface and water table and from regions in which the Sphagnum appeared to be brown and dead. A timescale, inferred from the cumulative dry mass and the peak in ^^^Cs concentration (which was assumed, conservatively, to refiect the 1963 peak influx), indicates that the matrix of the deepest discs from which new shoots arose was from 25 to perhaps 60 years old.Many of the new shoots of Sphagnum arose as innovations from the outer cortex of buried stems. In most cases the first leaves on these had the usual dimorphic leaf cell pattern. Other shoots, which initially produced leaves with monomorphic cells, arose from protonemata, comprising irregularly lobed plates of tissue and sparsely branched filaments with oblique cross-walls. A few of the protonemata arose from old stems, a feature not reported before, but the vast majority had no attachment to old plants and are thought to have grown from spores.Ligbt and air were necessary if new shoots were to appear. But very few innovations or protonemata were found in the green discs from near the surface of the core. Tbis suggests some kind of hormonal control of innovations akin to apical dominance in vascular plants and a more general allelopatbic inhibition of spore germination and protonemal growth by green Sphagnum.Fern gametopbytes of at least two taxa (Dryopteris-Mke and Pteridium-like) grew on tbe peat discs witb distribution patterns similar to tbose of new Sphagnum sboots. Seedlings of five taxa of vascular plants -all species growing close to tbe core-sites -appeared on tbe peat discs but mucb more erratically tban Sphagnum and tbe ferns. Stems of five species of leafy liverwort, presumed to bave been derived from subterranean axes rather tban from gemmae or spores, were also recorded, but no otber bryopbytes were seen.Tbe discovery tbat morphogenesis in Sphagnum is far more fluid tban bitberto assumed has far-reacbing pbysiological, ecological and possibly genetical implications. Tbe development of protonemata under semi-natural conditions, recorded bere for tbe first time, confounds the results of culture experiments wbicb bad indicated tbat Sphagnum protonemata were unlikely to grow on peat.

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Mass Movement and Erosion of a Southern Pennine Blanket Peat

Cited by 82 publications

References 18 publications

Recent Accumulation and Erosion of Blanket Peat in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland

Recent Accumulation and Erosion of Blanket Peat in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland

Long‐term sensitivity of a High Arctic wetland to Holocene climate change

REGENERATION OF SPHAGNUM

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