“…It is noteworthy that my mean and median markup estimates far exceed those of earlier studies estimating markups for other sectors (e.g., Autor et al., 2020; De Loecker et al., 2020). Recent applications in the food sector find mean markups ranging from 1.07 to 2.57 for the food manufacturing industry (Curzi et al., 2021; Jafari et al., 2022; Koppenberg & Hirsch, 2022b; Lopez et al., 2018) and from 1.18 to 3.57 for the food retailing sector (Hirsch & Koppenberg, 2020; Koppenberg & Hirsch, 2022a; Sckokai et al., 2013). However, two pivotal differences between manufacturing and service industries and the farming sector drive this result.…”