Marks and Labels: Early Writing in Neolithic and Shang China

Keightley, David N.

doi:10.1002/9780470774670.ch9

Cited by 39 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The role of AR in metabolizing products of lipid peroxidation or their metabolites is further supported by the observations that the expression of AR is enhanced under conditions of oxidative stress both in cell culture system and in vivo [53] and that the inhibition of AR increases the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products during inflammation and ischemia [74]. Additionally, it has been shown that cells resistant to oxidative stress express higher levels of AR than the corresponding sensitive cells and that the inhibition of AR increases the sensitivity of these cells to cytotoxic aldehydes [75]. This view is further reinforced by the observation that several structurally different phospholipids aldehydes are efficiently reduced by the enzyme AR, suggesting that AR may be an important component of mechanisms that remove and detoxify these aldehydes when they are generated in oxidized lipids [76].…”

Section: Detoxificationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Aldose Reductase in the Retina

Mansour

2007

CEI

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Aldose reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.21), an intracellular enzyme of polyol pathway, catalyzes NADPHdependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol. Under normoglycemia, most of the cellular glucose is phosphorylated into glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase. A minor part of non-phosphorylated glucose enters the polyol pathway, the alternate route of glucose metabolism. However, under hyperglycemia, because of saturation of hexokinase with ambient glucose, aldose reductase is activated, leading to excessive production of sorbitol. Intracellular accumulation of sorbitol is thought to result in irreversible damage. In the diabetic eye, the increased sorbitol accumulation in retina has been implicated in the pathogenesis of retinopathy, characterized by pericyte loss, basal membrane thickening, the major ocular complications of diabetes. Nearly all diabetic subjects have the same degree of retinopathy after 20 years of diabetes. 50% of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus have proliferative retinopathy after 15 years. In addition, macular edema frequently produces central vision loss and blindness most commonly in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Therefore, aldose reductase enzyme inhibition is becoming one of the therapeutic strategies that have been proposed to prevent or ameliorate long-term diabetic complications.

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Section: Detoxificationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Aldose Reductase in the Retina

Mansour

2007

CEI

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“…One school sees them as potential precursors to writing, or even as marking a transition towards writing in the case of examples from the Liangzhu culture (5200-4200 BP) and other related cultures (Dematté 1999(Dematté , 2010Li et al 2003;Postgate et al 1995). Others, most consistently William Boltz (1986Boltz ( , 2000also Bagley 2004;Keightley 2006), take the stance that writing developed in a very short period of time during the later Shang culture as state formation required a recording system, either for economic transactions, as in the usually postulated sequence for the origin of writing across the world, or for divinatory purposes.…”

Section: A Chinese Connection?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lapita pottery makers’ marks: The memory of signs and wonders?

Spriggs

2024

Forty Years in the South Seas: Archaeological Perspectives on the Human History of Papua New Guinea and the Western Pacific Reg

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What have been described as makers' marks on Lapita pottery were first reported by Donovan in 1973 and have been noted sporadically ever since. As Donovan herself noted, the placement and complexity of at least some of them refute the idea that they are merely 'the result of trials with tools'. So what are they? Ancient DNA analysis links the early Lapita people of Vanuatu and Tonga (and thereby by extension everywhere else in the Lapita distribution) directly back to Taiwan and on the latest evidence beyond, to the southern coastal regions of the Chinese mainland. These new data open up the geographic range of legitimate comparison for aspects of Lapita design and material culture. In particular, suggested links between the iconography of the Lapita 'double head' motifs and those on Liangzhu culture (5200-4200 BP) jade objects from the area around modern Shanghai, noted by Spriggs (2019), allow further comparisons with that culture in regard to incised signs on Liangzhu pottery. These have been proposed by some to be part of a widespread Chinese Neolithic phenomenon seen as the precursor to full writing systems by the time of the Shang culture. Are the Lapita makers' marks a distant memory of these Chinese developments? you may not make use of strange arts or go in search of signs and wonders -Leviticus 19:26. 1

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“…Many, but by no means all, Western scholars hold that oracle-bone inscriptions are the earliest form of Chinese writing, and that the latter began with little incubation during the Shang period in the middle-lower Yellow River Valley area. Since no argument for outside stimulus is made (except Bottero 2004), their suggestion is that in China writing originated as a sudden independent invention in the middle Yellow River valley (Bagley 2004;Boltz 1994;Keightley 2006). In contrast, for many (but not all) Chinese scholars Early Bronze Age inscriptions and Neolithic signs are evidence of the gradual development of Chinese writing over an extended period of time and from a variety of earlier graphic systems (Chang Kuang-yuan 1991;Gao Ming 1990, end section 1-2;Li Xueqin et al 2003).…”

Section: The Debate On the Origins Of Chinese Writingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origins of Chinese Writing: the Neolithic Evidence

Demattè¹

2010

CAJ

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In China, a number of signs from some Late Neolithic contexts suggest that recoding activities were well developed before Chinese writing became widespread during the Shang period. Archaeological and palaeographic evidence indicates that mature writing is likely to have evolved from these earlier signing systems as a result of the increasing social and political complexity of the societies of the Late Neolithic. This article analyses three Late Neolithic signing systems that may have led to the mature Chinese writing of the Shang oracle bone inscriptions, and argues that non-linguistic visual signing played a role in the emergence of writing systems.

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Marks and Labels: Early Writing in Neolithic and Shang China

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Aldose Reductase in the Retina

Aldose Reductase in the Retina

Lapita pottery makers’ marks: The memory of signs and wonders?

The Origins of Chinese Writing: the Neolithic Evidence

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