Marked recovery of functional metabolic activity and laminar volumes in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus following postnatal hypothyroid growth retardation: A quantitative cytochrome oxidase study

Farahvar, Arash; Darwish, Naser H.; Sladek, Stefan; Meisami, Esmail

doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.019

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…In the last 15 years, an increasing number of studies have indicated that thyroid hormones [thyroxine (T4); 3,5,3 0triiodothyronine (T3)] have important physiological functions, not only during brain maturation but also in the adult vertebrate brain (Broedel et al, 2003). Several reports have been published on the essential role of the thyroid hormones for mammalian and non-mammalian brain development (Ninfalr et al, 1887;Eayrs, 1971;Myant, 1971;Grave, 1977;Krude et al, 1977;Klein, 1980;Dussault and Walker, 1983;Schwartz, Incerpi, 2005;Kimura-Kuroda et al, 2005;Negishi et al, 2005;Pacheco-Rosado et al, 2005;Rudas et al, 2005;Zoeller, 2005;Gilbert and Sui, 2006;Hamanna et al, 2006;Koibuchi, 2006;Mori et al, 2006;Nelson and Habibi, 2006;Zhang et al, 2006;Farahvar et al, 2007;Hogan et al, 2007;Jansen et al, 2007;Setia et al, 2007;Zamoner et al, 2007). Normal brain development requires the presence of thyroid hormones that are essential for cell migration, dendrite and axon outgrowth, synapse formation, myelination and gliogenesis (Lima et al, 1997;Oppenheimer and Schwartz, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions

Ahmed

El-Gareib

El-Bakry

et al. 2007

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

276

254

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The action of thyroid hormones (THs) in the brain is strictly regulated, since these hormones play a crucial role in the development and physiological functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Disorders of the thyroid gland are among the most common endocrine maladies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify in broad terms the interactions between thyroid hormone states or actions and brain development. THs regulate the neuronal cytoarchitecture, neuronal growth and synaptogenesis, and their receptors are widely distributed in the CNS. Any deficiency or increase of them (hypo- or hyperthyroidism) during these periods may result in an irreversible impairment, morphological and cytoarchitecture abnormalities, disorganization, maldevelopment and physical retardation. This includes abnormal neuronal proliferation, migration, decreased dendritic densities and dendritic arborizations. This drastic effect may be responsible for the loss of neurons vital functions and may lead, in turn, to the biochemical dysfunctions. This could explain the physiological and behavioral changes observed in the animals or human during thyroid dysfunction. It can be hypothesized that the sensitive to the thyroid hormones is not only remarked in the neonatal period but also prior to birth, and THs change during the development may lead to the brain damage if not corrected shortly after the birth. Thus, the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental abnormalities might be related to the thyroid hormones is plausible. Taken together, the alterations of neurotransmitters and disturbance in the GABA, adenosine and pro/antioxidant systems in CNS due to the thyroid dysfunction may retard the neurogenesis and CNS growth and the reverse is true. In general, THs disorder during early life may lead to distortions rather than synchronized shifts in the relative development of several central transmitter systems that leads to a multitude of irreversible morphological and biochemical abnormalities (pathophysiology). Thus, further studies need to be done to emphasize this concept.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions

Ahmed

El-Gareib

El-Bakry

et al. 2007

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

276

254

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“…In view of the reported investigations by Paternostro and Meisami (1993), Farahvar and Meisami (2007) and Farahvar et al (2007) where marked recovery of the deficits were observed after postweaning restoration of TH in the olfactory receptor sheet and the hippocampus of growing hypothyroid rats, it would be desirable to investigate if the observed growth and cholinergic deficits in the SC of our developing hypothyroid pups can also be recovered by restoration of euthyroid state in the postweaning stage. If possible, such recovery may have implication in SC regeneration research as well as on the prospects of the treatment of cretinism in human children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Differential effects of developmental hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the spinal cord of developing postnatal rat pups

Koohestani

Brown

Meisami

2012

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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The plasticity and vulnerability of the rat spinal cord (SC) during postnatal development has been less investigated compared to other CNS structures. In this study, we determined the effects of thyroid hormonal (TH) deficiency and excess on postnatal growth and neurochemical development of the rat SC. The growth as well as the specific and total activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes of the SC were determined in hypo- and hyperthyroid rat pups at postnatal (P) days P1, P5, P10 and P21 (weaning), and were compared to age-matched untreated normal controls. AChE is a cholinergic synaptic enzyme while BuChE is a metabolic enzyme mainly found in glial cells and neurovascular cells. The SC is rich in somatic motor, autonomic cholinergic neurons and associated interneurons. Daily subcutaneous injection of pups with thyroxine (T4) and administration of antithyroid goitrogen propylthiouracil (PTU) in the litter's drinking water were used to induce hyper- and hypothyroidism, respectively. Enzyme assays were carried out spectrophotometrically at the above-mentioned ages, using SC homogenates with acetylthiocholine-chloride as the substrate, together with specific cholinesterase inhibitors, which specifically target AChE and BuChE. SC weights were significantly lower at P10 and P21 in hypothyroid pups but unchanged in the hyperthyroid ones. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced both specific and total AChE activity in SC of P10 and P21 rat pups, while having no effects on the BuChE activity, although total BuChE activity was decreased due to reduced total tissue weight. In contrast both specific and total AChE activities were markedly and significantly increased (>100%) in the P10 and P21 hyperthyroid pups. However, BuChE specific activity was unaffected by this treatment. The results indicate that hypothyroid condition significantly reduces, while hyperthyroidism increases, the postnatal development of cholinergic synapses, thereby influencing the functional development of this major sensory and motor structure. However, the neurochemical development of glia and other non-neuronal cells, where BuChE is mainly localized, is comparatively unaffected in these abnormal developmental conditions.

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“…Maternal low levels of free thyroxine levels are associated with motor impairments in children . Nevertheless, studies on hypothyroid rats show that brain regions affected by low thyroid hormones have remarkable recovery if the postnatal supply of thyroid is good . In practice, obstetricians perform screening for thyroid dysfunction in most pregnant females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Nevertheless, studies on hypothyroid rats show that brain regions affected by low thyroid hormones have remarkable recovery if the postnatal supply of thyroid is good. 23 In practice, obstetricians perform screening for thyroid dysfunction in most pregnant females. Therefore, it is likely that pregnant females with a history of hypothyroidism receive proper treatment before pregnancy, preventing adverse exposure to the fetus/child.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal medical conditions during pregnancy and gross motor development up to age 24 months in the Upstate KIDS study

Ghassabian

Sundaram

Wylie

et al. 2015

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Aims We examined whether children of mothers with a medical condition diagnosed before or during pregnancy took longer to achieve gross motor milestones up to age 24 months. Methods We obtained information on medical conditions using self-reports, birth certificates, and hospital records in 4909 mothers participating in Upstate KIDS, a population-based birth cohort. Mothers reported on their children’s motor milestone achievement at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Results After adjustment for covariates (including prepregnancy body mass index), children of mothers with gestational diabetes took longer to achieve sitting without support [Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.84, 95%CI:0.75-0.93), walking with assistance (HR=0.88, 95%CI:0.77-0.98) and walking alone (HR=0.88, 95%CI:0.77-0.99) than children of women with no gestational diabetes. Similar findings emerged for maternal diabetes. Gestational hypertension was associated with a longer time to achieve walking with assistance. These associations did not change after adjustment for gestational age or birth weight. Severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were related to a longer time to achieve milestones, but not after adjustment for perinatal factors. Interpretation Children exposed to maternal diabetes, gestational or pre-gestational, may take longer to achieve motor milestones than non-exposed children, independent of maternal obesity.

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Marked recovery of functional metabolic activity and laminar volumes in the rat hippocampus and dentate gyrus following postnatal hypothyroid growth retardation: A quantitative cytochrome oxidase study

Cited by 14 publications

References 77 publications

Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions

Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions

Differential effects of developmental hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the spinal cord of developing postnatal rat pups

Maternal medical conditions during pregnancy and gross motor development up to age 24 months in the Upstate KIDS study

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