Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions

Ahmed, Osama M.; El-Gareib, A.W.; El-Bakry, Ahlam M.; El-Tawab, S.M. Abd; Ahmed, R G

doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.09.011

Cited by 275 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 727 publications

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“…4 Thyroid hormone plays a vital role in development of placenta and fetus. 5 In early pregnancy the embryo depends on maternal thyroid supply via placenta. Foetal thyroid functions start at 10 -12 weeks of gestational age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we need to screen and treat pregnant women for subclinical hypothyroidism? A cross sectional study in a rural tertiary centre in Kerala, India

Radha

Sugunan

Resmy

2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Hypothyroidism (HT) is associated with maternal and perinatal morbidity. Subclinical HT rather than overt occur in pregnancy, because overt HT causes infertility. Treatment of overt HT was beneficial in reducing the fetal and maternal complications, Usefulness of correcting subclinical hypothyroidism was doubtful, hence Universal screening of pregnant women was not recommended. Methods: Cross sectional study, conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 50 consecutive cases of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy were analyzed for Thyroid function, antenatal, natal, postnatal complications. Perinatal complications, including neonatal hypothyroidism also noted. Statistical analysis done using computer software Epi info3.4. Data expressed in its frequency and percentage, continuous data in mean. Results: All women in the study group received levothyroxine during pregnancy from time of diagnosis. At the time of delivery 84% women were euthyroid and 16% hypothyroid. Complications like anemia 36%, abruption 4%, and postpartum hemorrhage 6% showed a statistically significant association, while pre-eclampsia 20%, preterm labor 22% had no statistically significant association. Comparing the women who are euthyroid as a result of levothyroxine supplementation to women inadequately treated, complications like anemia (33% versus 50%, p value 0.042), abruption (0% versus 4%, p value0.023), PPH (2% versus 6%, p value 0.014) were significantly less in well controlled. Conclusions: Significant association was noted between inadequately treated hypothyroidism and maternal complications like anaemia, placental abruption, placenta previa, PPH, preterm delivery, and caesarean section rate for foetal distress. Universal screening of pregnant women for thyroid status is recommended.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we need to screen and treat pregnant women for subclinical hypothyroidism? A cross sectional study in a rural tertiary centre in Kerala, India

Radha

Sugunan

Resmy

2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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“…Iodine is limited in early infancy prior to thyroid maturation, and milk exhibits high daily variation even in well-nourished populations. Moreover, it is poorly stored in maternal tissue (Ahmed et al 2008;Azizi and Smyth 2009). Efé mothers may buffer threats to their young by sharing lowcost microbiota and indefensible nutrients, smoothing offspring access to immunological and developmental resources.…”

Section: Allonursing As Preventative Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Allomaternal Nursing in Humans

Hewlett

Winn²

2014

Current Anthropology

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Few studies exist of allomaternal nursing in humans. It is relatively common among some cultures, such as the Aka and Efé hunter-gatherers of the Congo Basin, but it does not occur in other foragers such as the !Kung and Hadza of Southern and East Africa. This paper utilizes focal follow observations of Aka and Efé infants, interviews with Aka mothers, ethnographic reports from researchers working with hunter-gatherers, and a survey of the eHRAF cultures to try to answer the following questions: how often does allomaternal nursing occur, who provides it, and under what contexts does it take place? The study indicates that it occurs in many cultures (93% of cultures with data) but that it is normative in relatively few cultures; biological kin, especially grandmothers, frequently provide allomaternal nursing and that infant age, mother's condition, and culture (e.g., cultural models about if and when women other than the mother can nurse an infant or colostrum taboos) impact the nature and frequency of allomaternal nursing. The empirical results of this exploratory study are discussed in the context of existing hypotheses used to explain allomaternal nursing.Anthropologists have conducted several studies of breastfeeding from a variety of perspectives (Fouts, Hewlett, and Lamb 2012;Gottlieb 2004;Sellen 2007) and have occasionally described allomaternal nursing, that is, women other than mother nursing infants, but quantitative studies on the topic do not exist. Nutritional and health benefits of breast-feeding for mothers and infants are well documented (see American Academy of Pediatrics [2005] and Field [2005] for reviews), but what about infants who are breast-fed by women other than mother? Lactation is energetically costly, and allomaternal nursing may increase pathogen transmission between mothers and other infants. La Leche League, a global organization that promotes and assists women with breast-feeding, discourages both wet nursing (nursing another woman's infant, often for pay) and cross-nursing (the occasional nursing of another woman's infant while the mother continues to nurse her own child, often in a child-care situation), because the other women may transmit infectious diseases to the infant or cause the infant to be psychologically confused (Lawrence and Lawrence 2011;Minami 1995). Exceptions exist if the mother has health or other issues that lead to breast-feeding difficulties. 1 Allomaternal nursing occurs in many cultures. Our review of cultures in the electronic Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF), a digital database of 258 cultures from around the world, found that it existed in 97 of 104 cultures with ethnographic data about Barry S. Hewlett is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology of Washington State University, Vancouver (Vancouver, Washington 98686, U.S.A. [hewlett@vancouver.wsu.edu]). Steve Winn is Senior Vice President at the Behavioral Health Network (417 Liberty Street, Springfield, Massachusetts 01104, U.S.A.). This paper was submitted 8 VI 11, accepted 18 I 13, and ele...

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“…tensive impact on the mechanism of the body's chemical interactions [7]. A delay in the growth of the brain and the cerebellum can happen because of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism [8,9]. Any factor which causes a delay in the natural evolution of nervous cells will cause a disruption in the natural performance of nervous cells, and this deficiency can create many abnormalities in the nervous system, including microcephaly [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%