Marine Viruses

Brussaard, Corina P. D.; Baudoux, Anne‐Claire; Rodrı́guez-Valera, Francisco

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33000-6_5

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…Seawater samples were collected from coral surrounding water off Whale Island (Van Phong Bay, Vietnam). A 50 mL aliquot was supplemented with 10% (v/v) Marine Broth (MB, Difco) and the mixture was enriched with 1 mL Vibrio coralliilyticus LMG20984 (YB1) culture and incubated for 48 h at 25°C (Brussaard et al, 2016 ). The sample was clarified (7,000 g, 15 min) and the supernatant was filtered through 0.2 μm PES filters to separate the viral community.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mixture was included in molten agar (Marine Broth supplemented with 0.6% noble agar) and spread on a Marine Agar plate. After 48 h incubation, a translucent plaque indicating host lysis was removed from the bacterial lawn, eluted in 0.22 μm filtered Salt Marine (SM) buffer (100 mM NaCl, 8 mM MgSO4, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0) and combined with a host culture in a plaque assay (Brussaard et al, 2016 ). This procedure was repeated twice to ensure the clonality of the bacteriophage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Therapeutic Potential of a New Jumbo Phage That Infects Vibrio coralliilyticus, a Widespread Coral Pathogen

et al. 2018

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Biological control using bacteriophages is a promising approach for mitigating the devastating effects of coral diseases. Several phages that infect Vibrio coralliilyticus, a widespread coral pathogen, have been isolated, suggesting that this bacterium is permissive to viral infection and is, therefore, a suitable candidate for treatment by phage therapy. In this study, we combined functional and genomic approaches to evaluate the therapeutic potential of BONAISHI, a novel V. coralliilyticus phage, which was isolated from the coral reef in Van Phong Bay (Vietnam). BONAISHI appears to be strictly lytic for several pathogenic strains of V. coralliilyticus and remains infectious over a broad range of environmental conditions. This candidate has an unusually large dsDNA genome (303 kb), with no genes that encode known toxins or implicated in lysogeny control. We identified several proteins involved in host lysis, which may offer an interesting alternative to the use of whole bacteriophages for controlling V. coralliilyticus. A preliminary therapy test showed that adding BONAISHI to an infected culture of Symbiodinium sp. cells reduced the impact of V. coralliilyticus on Symbiodinium sp. photosynthetic activity. This study showed that BONAISHI is able to mitigate V. coralliilyticus infections, making it a good candidate for phage therapy for coral disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Potential of a New Jumbo Phage That Infects Vibrio coralliilyticus, a Widespread Coral Pathogen

et al. 2018

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“…Currently available methods to assess the dynamics between host and viruses during infection are i) the frequency of visibly infected cells (FVIC) (Wommack and Colwell, 2000), ii) Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) (Monier et al , 2017) of viral genes and iii) the plaque assay, for counting plaque forming units (PFU) (Brussaard et al , 2016). Compared with these methods, VirusFISH brings further advantages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of viral infection dynamics in a unicellular eukaryote and quantification of viral production using VirusFISH

Castillo

Sebastián

Forn

et al. 2019

Preprint

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22One of the major challenges in viral ecology is to assess the impact of viruses in controlling the 23 abundance of specific hosts in the environment. For this, techniques that enable the detection 24 and quantification of virus-host interactions at the single-cell level are essential. With this goal 25 in mind, we implemented VirusFISH (Virus Fluorescence in situ Hybridization) using as a 26 model the marine picoeukaryote Ostreococcus tauri and its virus OtV5. VirusFISH allowed the 27 visualization and quantification of the fraction of infected cells during an infection experiment. 28We were also able to quantify the abundance of free viruses released during cell lysis and assess 29 the burst size of our non-axenic culture, because we could discriminate OtV5 from phages. Our 30 results showed that although the major lysis of the culture occurred between 24 and 48 h after 31 OtV5 inoculation, some new viruses were produced between 8 and 24 h, propagating the 32 infection. Nevertheless, the production of viral particles increased drastically after 24 h. The 33 burst size for the O. tauri-OtV5 system was 7±0.4 OtV5 per cell, which was consistent with the 34 estimated amount of viruses inside the cell prior to cell lysis. With this work we demonstrate 35 that VirusFISH is a promising technique to study specific virus-host interactions in non-axenic 36 cultures, and set the ground for its application in complex natural communities. 37 38 KEYWORDS 39 VirusFISH; Ostreococcus tauri; OtV5; virus-host interactions; culture system; marine 40 picoeukaryote. 41 42 65 genes, and a single HRP labeled oligonucleotide probe to target host rRNA. The signal from the 66 two types of probes is amplified and visualized by catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) of 67 fluorescently labeled tyramides. Compared to the method from Hennes et al., (1995), where the 68 infection was forced by adding stained viruses to identify the host within natural communities, 69 phageFISH enables the visualization of the infection dynamics of specific virus─host pairs,

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“…While lytic viruses are characterized by causing host cell death and releasing high numbers of progeny quickly after infection, lysogenic viruses are able to form stable interactions with their hosts by integrating their genetic material into the host’s genome or by maintaining it as plasmids (referred to as pseudolysogeny). They do not cause immediate host death and instead are able to remain silent, often for many generations, until a certain condition activates their lytic cycle [ 6 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 51 ]. Some viruses are also able to form chronic infections with their hosts by releasing progeny into the environment through budding and never causing their deaths [ 52 ].…”

Section: Intrinsic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the discovery of high viral numbers and diversity, their role in aquatic ecosystems has been acknowledged as indispensable in structuring the microbial community and biogeochemical cycles (reviewed, for example, in [ 6 , 10 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]). Briefly, 90% of aqueous systems are made up of microbes which can be roughly divided into two groups: phytoplankton and heterotrophic plankton, both of which are known to be infected by viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful?

Horas

Theodosiou

Becks

2018

Viruses

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Algal viruses are considered to be key players in structuring microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles due to their abundance and diversity within aquatic systems. Their high reproduction rates and short generation times make them extremely successful, often with immediate and strong effects for their hosts and thus in biological and abiotic environments. There are, however, conditions that decrease their reproduction rates and make them unsuccessful with no or little immediate effects. Here, we review the factors that lower viral success and divide them into intrinsic—when they are related to the life cycle traits of the virus—and extrinsic factors—when they are external to the virus and related to their environment. Identifying whether and how algal viruses adapt to disadvantageous conditions will allow us to better understand their role in aquatic systems. We propose important research directions such as experimental evolution or the resurrection of extinct viruses to disentangle the conditions that make them unsuccessful and the effects these have on their surroundings.

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Marine Viruses

Cited by 10 publications

References 168 publications

Therapeutic Potential of a New Jumbo Phage That Infects Vibrio coralliilyticus, a Widespread Coral Pathogen

Therapeutic Potential of a New Jumbo Phage That Infects Vibrio coralliilyticus, a Widespread Coral Pathogen

Visualization of viral infection dynamics in a unicellular eukaryote and quantification of viral production using VirusFISH

Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful?

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