Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful?

Horas, Elena L.; Theodosiou, Loukas; Becks, Lutz

doi:10.3390/v10090474

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Interactions with other non-host organisms, and indeed with competing viruses for the same host add complexity. Virus proliferation success depends on extrinsic (external) and intrinsic (within host) factors (Mojica and Brussaard, 2014;Horas et al, 2018) that together conspire to greatly decrease the likelihood of the collapse of the host population. And from an ecological standpoint it is arguably more the fate of the host that is important than the success of the virus.…”

Section: Models and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Effects of Traits and Abiotic Factors on Viral Lysis in Phytoplankton

et al. 2021

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A mechanistic system dynamics description is developed of the interactions between a single lytic-virus – phytoplankton-host couple. The model has state variables for virus, uninfected and infected host biomass, and describes virus and host allometry and physiology. The model, analogous to experimental laboratory virus-host systems but more amenable to hypothesis testing, enables us to explore the relative importance of some of the poorly understood factors suspected to impact plankton virus-host dynamics. Model behaviour is explored with respect to abiotic factors (light, mixed layer depth, nutrient and suspended particle loading), host traits (size, growth rate, motility) and virus traits (size, latent period and burst size including linkage to compromised host physiology, and decay rates). Simulations show that the optimal performance of a virus (i.e., optimal trait characterisation) is a function of many factors relating to the virus, its host, and the environment. In general, smaller viruses and smaller motile hosts give rise to more productive infection outcomes that result in rapid demise of the host and high post-infection virus abundance. However, the timing of the development of the interaction (relative abundance of virus to host at the start of rapid host population growth), overlain on the growth rate and physiological status of the host, was seen to be critical. Thus, for any one configuration of the model, the inoculum level of the virus (multiplicity of infection- MOI) displayed an optimum time-point between the infection developing too quickly, limiting biomass accumulation, or too late so that nutrient or light limitation compromised host physiology and hence the burst size. Importantly, the success of an infection depended also upon the suspended particle load which, if high enough, adsorbs so many viruses that the infection does not develop. We conclude that adding viruses to plankton ecosystem models in a realistic fashion is a complicated process due to the way that the individual and coupled virus-host processes interact with the environment.

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Section: Models and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Effects of Traits and Abiotic Factors on Viral Lysis in Phytoplankton

et al. 2021

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“…Viral life histories are made up of life cycle or ‘performance’ traits such as adsorption rate, lysogeny probability, burst size, and decay rate (performance sensu DeLong et al ., 2022). The values of these traits determine a virus’ population dynamics and ability to suppress the host population, and thus its impact on the broader ecosystem (Weitz, 2016; Horas et al ., 2018). The variation in life cycle traits is also crucial, as diverse phenotypes provide material for natural selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history diversity in a large group of chloroviruses

Lievens

Agarkova

Dunigan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Microbial viruses affect the ecology and evolution of every environment on earth. Although these effects can play out on a grand scale, to understand them we need to zoom in to virus' life cycle traits. The values of these traits determine a virus' effect on the host population, the trait diversity provides the material for natural selection, and trade-offs between the traits are expected to constrain virus' evolutionary potential. However, due to the difficulty involved in measuring viral life history phenotypes, there are not many studies that characterize their diversity within clades of viruses. In this study, we quantified the life history of 35 chloroviruses from three host range groups (NC64A, Osy, and SAG viruses). We developed methods to efficiently measure adsorption rate, depolarization probability, lysis probability, lysis time, burst size, specific infectivity, and decay. The trait estimates varied between 5 and 75-fold across all the virus strains, with most traits varying substantially both within and across groups. We then used our largest virus group, the NC64A viruses (n = 20), to look for correlations that could signal trade-offs between traits. We found that viruses with high depolarization probabilities also had higher burst sizes, but lower lysis probabilities once depolarized. These correlations were strong, but their mechanistic underpinnings are unclear. We also found a strong correlation between growth rate and survival in the NC64A viruses. Finally, we discovered biphasic or 'tailing' decay in all the chlorovirus groups. The nature and diversity of these traits has large implications for the ecology and evolutionary potential of the chloroviruses, and confirm the importance of studying viral life cycle traits.

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“…In this review we focus on antagonistic coevolutionary and eco-evolutionary feedback interactions between host and virus species, without restricting ourselves to a particular group of viruses. The influence of abiotic factors such as temperature, CO 2 concentration, and UV radiation on viruses and the interaction with the host has been reviewed elsewhere [13,14]. We will furthermore give a brief overview of existing methodology designed to infer aspects of evolutionary history based on genetic data and describe some recently developed tools for the simultaneous analysis of host and virus genetic data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Shaping Viral Genetic Diversity

Retel

Märkle

Becks

et al. 2019

Viruses

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The contemporary genomic diversity of viruses is a result of the continuous and dynamic interaction of past ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus, genome sequences of viruses can be a valuable source of information about these processes. In this review, we first describe the relevant processes shaping viral genomic variation, with a focus on the role of host–virus coevolution and its potential to give rise to eco-evolutionary feedback loops. We further give a brief overview of available methodology designed to extract information about these processes from genomic data. Short generation times and small genomes make viruses ideal model systems to study the joint effect of complex coevolutionary and eco-evolutionary interactions on genetic evolution. This complexity, together with the diverse array of lifetime and reproductive strategies in viruses ask for extensions of existing inference methods, for example by integrating multiple information sources. Such integration can broaden the applicability of genetic inference methods and thus further improve our understanding of the role viruses play in biological communities.

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Why Are Algal Viruses Not Always Successful?

Cited by 18 publications

References 124 publications

Modelling the Effects of Traits and Abiotic Factors on Viral Lysis in Phytoplankton

Modelling the Effects of Traits and Abiotic Factors on Viral Lysis in Phytoplankton

Life history diversity in a large group of chloroviruses

Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Shaping Viral Genetic Diversity

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