“…However, the performance efficacy of classical controllers is more likely to be dependent upon the optimization algorithms that have been deployed to optimize the controller gains. Several population-and stochastic-based searching algorithms reported in domain of LFC in optimizing classical controllers are chaotic atom search optimization (CASO) (Irudayaraj et al, 2022), many-objective optimization approach (MOOA) (Hajiakbari Fini et al, 2016), chaotic crow search (CCS) algorithm (Khokhar et al, 2021), gray wolf optimizer (GWO) (Sharma and Saikia, 2015), quadratic approach with pole compensator (QAWPC) (Hanwate and Hote, 2018), marine predator algorithm (MPA) (Yakout et al, 2021), Hooke-Jeeve's optimizer (HJO) (Chatterjee, 2010), quasioppositional harmony search algorithm (QOHSA) (Shankar and Mukherjee, 2016), chemical reaction optimizer (CRO) (Mohanty and Hota, 2018), hybrid artificial electric field algorithm (HAEFA) (Sai Kalyan et al, 2020), bacteria foraging optimization (BFOA) (Ali and Elazim, 2015), mine blast optimizer (MBO) (Alattar et al, 2019), particle swarm optimizer (PSO) (Magid and Abido, 2003), differential evolution (DE) (Kalyan and Suresh, 2021), combination of DE with pattern search (Sahu et al, 2015a) and AEFA (DE-AEFA) (Kalyan and Rao, 2021a), grasshopper optimizer (GHO), and cuckoo search approach (CSA) (Latif et al, 2018). Moreover, the conventional controllers exhibit efficacy in linearized models and could not maintain the stability of nonlinear interconnected power systems (IPS).…”