Marine Polysaccharides in Microencapsulation and Application to Aquaculture: “From Sea to Sea”

Abstract

This review’s main objective is to discuss some physico-chemical features of polysaccharides as intrinsic determinants for the supramolecular structures that can efficiently provide encapsulation of drugs and other biological entities. Thus, the general characteristics of some basic polysaccharides are outlined in terms of their conformational, dynamic and thermodynamic properties. The analysis of some polysaccharide gelling properties is also provided, including the peculiarity of the charged polysaccharides. Then, the way the basic physical chemistry of polymer self-assembly is made in practice through the laboratory methods is highlighted. A description of the several literature procedures used to influence molecular interactions into the macroscopic goal of the encapsulation is given with an attempt at classification. Finally, a practical case study of specific interest, the use of marine polysaccharide matrices for encapsulation of vaccines in aquaculture, is reported.

Separation, antitumor activities, and encapsulation of polypeptide from Chlorella pyrenoidosa

“…One effective solution to this issue is the microencapsulation or nanoencapsulation of bioactive proteins or peptides so that they can be protected against degradation in the stomach and can be released in the intestinal environment for enteric cell absorption into the blood stream . Currently, carbohydrates such as starches, alginate, and chitosan are often used as encapsulating materials owing to their biodegradability, low toxicity, low cost, and food‐grade availability . In this study, we encapsulated CPAP by using two methods: complex coacervation (edible alginate, CaCl 2 , and chitosan involved) and ionotropic gelation (edible chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate involved).…”

Separation and nanoencapsulation of antitumor polypeptide from Spirulina platensis

“…Thus, the encapsulated proteins or peptides can be protected against degradation in stomach and can be released in the intestinal environment for enteric cell absorption into the blood stream . Currently, carbohydrates such as starches, alginate and chitosan are often used as encapsulating materials due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, low cost and food‐grade availability . Especially, an important advantage of chitosan for its successful use in colon‐targeting is due to its gel‐forming barrier in acidic conditions and stability against the enzymes in duodenum and the lower intestinal tract .…”

“…3 Currently, carbohydrates such as starches, alginate and chitosan are often used as encapsulating materials due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, low cost and food-grade availability. 23 Especially, an important advantage of chitosan for its successful use in colon-targeting is due to its gel-forming barrier in acidic conditions and stability against the enzymes in duodenum and the lower intestinal tract. 24 In this study, the S. platensis antitumor polypeptide Y2 was nanoencapsulated with ionotropic gelation method (edible chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate involved).…”

Mitigation of pathogens and marine biotoxins contamination in shellfish

“…Microencapsulated marine polysaccharides are a good alternative to be applied in aquaculture for the administration of drugs or other biological compounds [4]. It has been previously demonstrated that alginates can be useful natural polymers for microencapsulation and therapeutic applications [5].…”