Marine Permian of England

Smith, Douglas R.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1204-8

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Fractures were cryptic habitats similar to those in the skeletal framework of other Permian reefs (Wood et al ., ; Vennin, ). Similar steeply dipping laminar sheets have been also recorded in the English Zechstein where they are interpreted as partly bilateral fissure‐fills and partly primary reef‐surface encrustations (Smith, , p. 76). Smith () recorded also reworked blocks of reef‐crest boundstones (indicating early lithification and high energy) in the reef‐crest and uppermost slope, narrow columnar stromatolites in the uppermost part of the slope, and debris ranging from fallen blocks several metres across to silt‐grade fragments that are weakly cemented, in the lower reef‐slope rocks.…”

Section: Lithofaciessupporting

confidence: 60%

Upper Permian reef complex in the basinal facies of the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), western Poland

et al. 2012

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Stromatolite and bryozoan build‐ups from the Werra Cycle (Zechstein) of the Southern Permian Basin of Europe meet all definitions given by various authors for reefs and they commonly occur at the shelf edge. In a few places, including western Poland, they are also recorded in the basinal facies. The main part of the reef is formed by fragmented bryozoan zoaria. The reef biota are a typical bryonoderm association indicating cool‐water and cold‐water environments. A characteristic feature is a large amount of fragmented skeletal remains lacking rigidity. The main part of the reefs is built of rudstones, and only stromatolitic crusts form massive constructions. Remarkable is the mechanism of the origin of clearly morphologically separated reef constructions from the remains of a relatively low potential of fossilization. Zones built of crushed remains dominate over parts representing massive constructions. The colonization of the substrate began very early, as indicated by the interbedding of breccia and bioclastic carbonates in the lowermost part of the Zechstein Limestone in some reef sections. The Zechstein Limestone reefs of western Poland abound in the hemispheroid (botryoid) aragonitic cement that is otherwise common for the Zechstein reefs. The abundance of the cement recorded in Permian reefs is interpreted as the result of an unusually high saturation state of surface seawater because of a number of factors, including prolific carbonate precipitation due to the occasional upwelling of warmer saline waters on shelf environments in the stratified Zechstein Basin. The pervasive carbonate precipitation in the reef area contrasts with a restricted carbonate precipitation in the adjoining basin where very thin sequences have accumulated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Lithofaciessupporting

confidence: 60%

Upper Permian reef complex in the basinal facies of the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), western Poland

et al. 2012

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“…As Beales and Aldershaw (1969) remarked, such dissolution-collapse breccias as a result of dissolution of gypsumand/oranhydrite are more common than the literature suggests. Examples of dissolution-collapse breccias involving dolomite, limestone, and anhydrite are common worldwide (Friedman, 1994a(Friedman, ,b, 1995aFriedmanet al 1981;Harwood et al 1990;Smith 1995;Stanton 1966;Toulemont 1984). More than one episodeof breccia deposition takesplace; karst breccia caps are present at the level of emergence of stacked cyclic parasequences (Friedman 1994a,b;1995a,b).…”

Section: Collapse Breccias Andpaleokarst Resulting Fromevaporile-rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates

Friedman

1997

Carbonates Evaporites

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The lithologicaltrinity of dolostone, limestone, and sulfates(anhydriteand/orgypsum) is subject to rapid dissolutionof the sulfates and leads to the development of dissolution-collapse brecciasresultingfrom the withdrawal of the sulfates. The resultantfeatures commonly include spectacular dissolution-collapse breccias. Owing to their mobility and chemical instability evaporite rocks, such as gypsum and anhydrite, are highly soluble and can be dissolvedrapidly to form karstic features. When anhydrite and/or gypsum are dissolvedthe overlyingcontinuous strata of carbonate rocks collapse, generatingdissolution-collapse breccia composed of carbonate clasts. Such dissolution-collapse breccias as a result of dissolution of gypsum and/or anhydrite are more common worldwide than the literature suggests.Evaporite karst interferes with human activity, including highways, buildings, canals, and agriculture.A Cretaceousdeposit composed of dolostone, limestone, and anhydrite brecciaset in a carbonatematrix has been interpretedas the result of asteroid-or comet collision. An origin as evaporitepaleokarst could explainthe formation of this same breccia.In the WillistonBasinof Montanaanhydrites form the caps of basin-wide peritidalcycles in successions whichbrine upward. The supratidal cycle caps are zones of anhydrite leachingand creationof dissolution-collapse breccia.Cambro-LowerOrdovician(Sauk) platformcyclesin the Appalachian Basinare composedof peritidalupward-shallowing carbonate facies which showevidenceof ultimateemergence. The sulfatesin the cyclecapshaveentirelydissolvedout and thepaleokarstserves as testament to their former presence.

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“…Since the core material in question is only on a scale of hand samples, the larger-scale structure of the microbial carbonates is unknown; however, it is suggested that stromatolites and thrombolites in supra-to-subtidal zones are parts of microbial biostromes, as observed in the outcrops (at mesoscale) of the Main Dolomite equivalent in north-east England (Smith, 1995;Perri et al, 2008).…”

Section: Subtidal Microbialite Associationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Upper Permian Main Dolomite microbial carbonates as potential source rocks for hydrocarbons (W Poland)

Słowakiewicz¹,

Mikołajewski²

2011

Marine and Petroleum Geology

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Marine Permian of England

Cited by 17 publications

References 49 publications

Upper Permian reef complex in the basinal facies of the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), western Poland

Upper Permian reef complex in the basinal facies of the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), western Poland

Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates

Upper Permian Main Dolomite microbial carbonates as potential source rocks for hydrocarbons (W Poland)

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