Marine biotoxins and associated outbreaks following seafood consumption: Prevention and surveillance in the 21st century

Nicolas, Jonathan; Hoogenboom, L.A.P.; Hendriksen, Peter J.M.; Bodero, Marcia; Bovee, Toine F.H.; Rietjens, Ivonne M.C.M.; Gerssen, Arjen

doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.03.002

Cited by 64 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…In a recent review [ 7 ], it was reported that marine biotoxin-contaminated seafood has caused thousands of poisonings worldwide during the first 15 years of the 21st Century. Given that ocean warming has, and may continue to, exacerbate PSP and DSP events globally [ 63 ], technologies that fast-track shellfish bed closures to protect human health are needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these poisonings, it was found that DSP was among the most prevalent (>1200 cases), likely because DSP was discovered in the 1970s and monitoring programs are not well established for this human health syndrome. PSP, on the other hand, was discovered in the 1920s, and given that the worst case scenario is death due to respiratory failure, there are many well-established monitoring programs worldwide and, therefore, fewer cases (>400) associated with this human health syndrome [ 7 ]. While PSP has occurred on multiple U.S. coastlines for decades [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], it is only within the last decade that DSP has, almost simultaneously, emerged as a threat on the West [ 12 ], East [ 13 , 14 ] and Gulf [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] coasts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms

et al. 2018

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Marine biotoxin-contaminated seafood has caused thousands of poisonings worldwide this century. Given these threats, there is an increasing need for improved technologies that can be easily integrated into coastal monitoring programs. This study evaluates approaches for monitoring toxins associated with recurrent toxin-producing Alexandrium and Dinophysis blooms on Long Island, NY, USA, which cause paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (PSP and DSP), respectively. Within contrasting locations, the dynamics of pelagic Alexandrium and Dinophysis cell densities, toxins in plankton, and toxins in deployed blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were compared with passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers filled with two types of resin, HP20 and XAD-2. Multiple species of wild shellfish were also collected during Dinophysis blooms and used to compare toxin content using two different extraction techniques (single dispersive and double exhaustive) and two different toxin analysis assays (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP2A)) for the measurement of DSP toxins. DSP toxins measured in the HP20 resin were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.7–0.9, p < 0.001) with total DSP toxins in shellfish, but were detected more than three weeks prior to detection in deployed mussels. Both resins adsorbed measurable levels of PSP toxins, but neither quantitatively tracked Alexandrium cell densities, toxicity in plankton or toxins in shellfish. DSP extraction and toxin analysis methods did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), were highly correlated (R2 = 0.98–0.99; p < 0.001) and provided complete recovery of DSP toxins from standard reference materials. Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and ribbed mussels (Geukensia demissa) were found to accumulate DSP toxins above federal and international standards (160 ng g−1) during Dinophysis blooms while Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and soft shell clams (Mya arenaria) did not. This study demonstrated that SPATT samplers using HP20 resin coupled with PP2A technology could be used to provide early warning of DSP, but not PSP, events for shellfish management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms

et al. 2018

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“…On the basis of their poisoning symptoms or syndromes, they are classified as toxins causing PSP, amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), and ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). However, additional syndromes exist; each type of poisoning is associated with a specific group of biotoxins [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the 21st century, DSP has been the most prevailing poisoning related to marine biotoxins, together with CFP, based on the reported outbreaks that occurred worldwide in the period 2001–2015. More than 1200 recognized cases of intoxication have been reported, most of them in Europe and North/South America, with Chile showing the highest incidence of DSP in Latin America, and also in China; however, it is necessary to mention that the problem is a global issue, and in Africa, parts of Asia and the Middle East, more efforts should be made to implement monitoring programs and risk communication [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the control of phycotoxins, directives and legislations were stated worldwide. Current legal limits established for OA-group toxins by Codex [ 13 ], EU [ 14 ], Japan [ 8 ] and US-FDA [ 15 ] are 160 µg OA-eq/kg for DSP toxins and, slightly higher, 200 µg OA-eq/kg in Australia/New Zealand as defined by FSANZ [ 16 ]. The same limit applies to AZAs (160 µg AZA1-eq/kg) according to the European legislation, which also sets limits for YTXs, PSP toxins and DA (3.75 mg YTX-eq/kg, 800 µg STX-eq/kg and 20 mg DA/kg) [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans

et al. 2018

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Massive phytoplankton proliferation, and the consequent release of toxic metabolites, can be responsible for seafood poisoning outbreaks: filter-feeding mollusks, such as shellfish, mussels, oysters or clams, can accumulate these toxins throughout the food chain and present a threat for consumers’ health. Particular environmental and climatic conditions favor this natural phenomenon, called harmful algal blooms (HABs); the phytoplankton species mostly involved in these toxic events are dinoflagellates or diatoms belonging to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, Dinophysis, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Substantial economic losses ensue after HABs occurrence: the sectors mainly affected include commercial fisheries, tourism, recreational activities, and public health monitoring and management. A wide range of symptoms, from digestive to nervous, are associated to human intoxication by biotoxins, characterizing different and specific syndromes, called paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. This review provides a complete and updated survey of phycotoxins usually found in marine invertebrate organisms and their relevant properties, gathering information about the origin, the species where they were found, as well as their mechanism of action and main effects on humans.

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Selective enrichment and quantification of okadaic acid in shellfish using an immunomagnetic‐bead‐based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay

Chen

Tan

et al. 2019

J of Separation Science

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Okadaic acid is a marine biotoxin that primarily occurs in shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning in humans. When analyzing biological samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, the presence of complex matrices is a major issue. Thus, it is crucial to selectively and simply extract the target analyte from samples and minimize matrix effects simultaneously. To meet this need, an immunomagnetic‐bead‐based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to detect okadaic acid in shellfish. Magnetic beads bound to monoclonal antibody against okadaic acid were used as affinity probes to specifically enrich okadaic acid in samples, which effectively eliminated matrix effects. A magnetic separator was used to aggregate and separate magnetic particles from sample matrices, and methanol was used to elute okadaic acid from the magnetic beads. Standard solution prepared with methanol was employed directly for quantitative analysis. Several experimental conditions were optimized to improve performance. The method is of interest as a rapid (10 min) sample clean‐up and selective enrichment tool, and it showed good linearity and sensitivity, with reported limits of detection and quantitation of 3 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. Fifty‐three shellfish samples from an aquatic products market were tested using this method, and four samples positive for okadaic acid were found.

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Marine biotoxins and associated outbreaks following seafood consumption: Prevention and surveillance in the 21st century

Cited by 64 publications

References 122 publications

Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms

Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms

Phycotoxins in Marine Shellfish: Origin, Occurrence and Effects on Humans

Selective enrichment and quantification of okadaic acid in shellfish using an immunomagnetic‐bead‐based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay

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