2018
DOI: 10.3390/md16010028
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Evaluation of Rapid, Early Warning Approaches to Track Shellfish Toxins Associated with Dinophysis and Alexandrium Blooms

Abstract: Marine biotoxin-contaminated seafood has caused thousands of poisonings worldwide this century. Given these threats, there is an increasing need for improved technologies that can be easily integrated into coastal monitoring programs. This study evaluates approaches for monitoring toxins associated with recurrent toxin-producing Alexandrium and Dinophysis blooms on Long Island, NY, USA, which cause paralytic and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (PSP and DSP), respectively. Within contrasting locations, the dynam… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…Toxin content can vary within the same species collected from the same location at different times [ 51 , 52 ] and even between cells of a single species within a daily cycle [ 51 ]. Different shellfish species are also known to metabolize diarrhetic shellfish toxins differently [ 4 , 53 ] and mussels have been found to accumulate higher levels of diarrhetic shellfish toxins than other species when exposed to the same algal bloom conditions [ 4 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Consistent with this, the rope-grown mussels obtained from the Firth of Clyde in 2015 showed the highest level of OA group contamination.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Toxin content can vary within the same species collected from the same location at different times [ 51 , 52 ] and even between cells of a single species within a daily cycle [ 51 ]. Different shellfish species are also known to metabolize diarrhetic shellfish toxins differently [ 4 , 53 ] and mussels have been found to accumulate higher levels of diarrhetic shellfish toxins than other species when exposed to the same algal bloom conditions [ 4 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Consistent with this, the rope-grown mussels obtained from the Firth of Clyde in 2015 showed the highest level of OA group contamination.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The cartridge was then washed with 6 mL of GenPure water, blown dry, and eluted with 1 mL of 100% MeOH into a glass 1.5 mL high recovery LC vial and stored at −20 • C until analyzed. A portion of the sample underwent alkaline hydrolysis to enable the quantitation of total DSP toxins (free plus esterified) following [48]. Extracts, original and alkaline hydrolyzed, were analyzed using an Acquity liquid chromatography system coupled with a Xevo mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) following the DSP and PTX2 analytical methods described by [49].…”
Section: Testing Of a Gulf Of Maine Dinophysis Norvegica Culture For mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In a changing environment, where phytoplankton blooms are seemingly more frequent and intense [ 7 , 8 , 64 , 65 ], management strategies need to be adaptable to manage the potential risks for shellfish consumers. The use of sentinel species or passive samplers may be an option for risk management, but these techniques can have limitations depending on the harvest area conditions or targeted toxins (e.g., [ 66 , 67 ]). Historically, phytoplankton and biotoxin monitoring programs have been established following illness outbreaks (e.g., monitoring of wild harvest beaches in NSW following DSP events and Thermaikos Gulf in Thessaloniki, Greece [ 68 ]) but long-term data can help inform existing shellfish safety programs.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%