Marine biological macromolecules as matrix material for biosensor fabrication

Abstract

The ocean covers two‐third of our planet and has great biological heterogeneity. Marine organisms like algae, vertebrates, invertebrates, and microbes are known to provide many natural products with biological activities as well as potential sources of biomaterials for therapeutic, biomedical, biosensors, and climate stabilization. Over the years, the field of biosensors has gained huge attention due to their extraordinary ability to provide early disease diagnosis, rapid detection of various molecules and substances along with long‐term monitoring. This review aims to focus on the properties and employment of various biomaterials (carbohydrate polymers, proteins, polyacids, etc.) of marine origins such as alginate, chitin, chitosan, fucoidan, carrageenan, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, collagen, marine pigments, marine nanoparticles, hydroxyapatite, biosilica, lectins, and marine whole cell in the design and development of biosensors. Furthermore, this review also covers the source of such marine biomaterials and their promising evolution in the fabrication of biosensors that are potent to be employed in the biomedical, environmental science, and agricultural sciences domains. The use of such fabricated biosensors harnesses the system with excellent specificity, selectivity, biocompatibility, thermal stability, and minimal cost advantages.

Characteristics of Marine Biomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine

“…Continuing research on the oceans has revealed a wide range of biomedical materials with excellent properties, and we should continue to optimize the exploration of marine resources to ensure the sustainability of the identified biomedical material production [203]. Fully considering the actual clinical needs and developing novel materials based on the combination of biology and advanced methods, the research on marine biomedical materials will better benefit humankind.…”

Modern analytical and bioanalytical technologies and concepts for smart and precision farming

“…69 Diatom microalgae also provide an excellent biosensing platform for ultrasensitive detection. 54 Furthermore, biomass-derived materials, such as marine biomaterials 70 and lignin-based polymers, 71 are potential materials to synthesize a cost-effective biosensor as they are low-cost and renewable sources. Using aptamers as receptors is also an excellent choice to extend the shelf-life of biosensors, as they can withstand chemicals and high temperatures.…”

Polysaccharides for Medical Technology: Properties and Applications

“…Because of their hydrophilicity, strong protein affinity, heavy metal ion chelation, biocompatibility, simplicity of modifying the surface chemical group, low cost, acceptable mechanical characteristics, and simple synthesis procedure, these polysaccharide hydrogels are appealing biomaterials for biosensors. [ 277 ] There is a lot of evidence that polysaccharide‐based hydrogels can be used as immobilized biomaterials to manufacture bioreceptors. [ 278 ] Immobilizing bio receptors on the hydrogel surface can be accomplished by physical absorption, trapping, covalent bonding, crosslinking, and other methods.…”