Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: a review of the evidence

Metz, Torri D.; Stickrath, Elaine

doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.025

Cited by 201 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(31 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

156

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…5c-d). The results are in agreement with previous epidemiological surveys and animal studies [2], indicating that exposure to marijuana during pregnancy may result in adverse reproductive outcomes including fetal loss and intrauterine growth restriction.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Suppression of STAT3 Signaling by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Induces Trophoblast Dysfunction

Chang¹,

Bian²,

He³

et al. 2017

Cell Physiol Biochem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: Marijuana is a widely used illicit drug and its consumption during pregnancy has been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of chronic intake of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major component of marijuana, on trophoblast function, placental development, and birth outcomes. Methods: The pathological characteristics and distribution of cannabinoid receptors in placenta were observed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Cell migration in response to THC was measured by transwell assays. The levels of cannabinoid receptors and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) were detected by western blot. Results: We found the placenta expressed two main cannabinoid receptors, suggesting that THC induced biological responses in placental cells. Supporting this hypothesis, we observed dramatic alterations of placental morphology in marijuana users. Using THC and inhibitors of cannabinoid receptors, we demonstrated that THC impaired trophoblast cell migration and invasion partly via cannabinoid receptors. Additionally, pregnant mice injected with THC showed adverse reproductive events including reduced number of fetuses, lower maternal and placental weights. Mechanistically, STAT3 signaling pathway was involved in the THC-induced suppression of trophoblast cell motility and pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: Our study indicates that the STAT3 signaling pathway plays a critical role in THC-induced trophoblast dysfunction.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…In 2013, 7.5% of the US population reported using marijuana within the last month of survey [2]. Currently, more than 60 types of Cannabinoids, the terpenophenolic constituents of the Cannabis plant, have been identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of STAT3 Signaling by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Induces Trophoblast Dysfunction

Chang¹,

Bian²,

He³

et al. 2017

Cell Physiol Biochem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Analyzing of the birth outcomes data from 24874 women with cannabis use in a cohort study during 7 years (2000-2006) at the Mater Mothers' Hospital in Brisbane/Australia, shown low birth weight (odds ratio (OR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-2.2), preterm labor (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9), small for gestational age (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8-2.7), and more frequent admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.7-2.4) [38]. Similar adverse birth outcomes (low birth weight) were reported after the maternal cannabis use during pregnancy [39].…”

Section: Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa)supporting

confidence: 60%

Herbal laxatives and antiemetics in pregnancy

Samavati

Ducza

Hajagos-Tóth

et al. 2017

Reproductive Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tConstipation appears in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, while nausea is the strongest in the 1st trimester. This review summarizes the applicability of herbal laxatives and antiemetics in pregnancy.A human study has shown that flax oil as laxative is safe from 2nd trimester. Human data is not available about the rhubarb, but animal studies reveal that its emodin content induces fetal abnormalities. Fenugreek induces teratogenic malformation both in human and animals. Senna seed is proved as a safe laxative in pregnancy. The antiemetic ginger is safe during 1st trimester, but it reduces the gestational period when applied from the 2nd trimester. Cannabis induces fetal neurological disorders while fennel can shorten the gestational age.There is herbal alternative for laxative therapy (senna) for the whole length of pregnancy, but nausea and vomiting might be reduced by herbal medicine (ginger) safely in the 1st trimester, only.

show abstract

“…Last, given that many of the cohorts that have seen the greatest sex convergence in cannabis use are now only in their 20s or 30s, it is not possible to comment on the impacts of these changes over the life span as these cohorts age. Given the specific harms associated with cannabis use during pregnancy and breastfeeding (Metz & Stickrath, 2015), increases in use among women herald further potential for increased harms as younger cohorts of women approach child-bearing age. Continued epidemiological research is warranted to address the impact of sex convergence in cannabis use as young cohorts of men and women age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Sex Convergence in Prevalence of Cannabis Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression

Chapman

Slade

Swift

et al. 2017

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Objective: Generally, cannabis use has been more prevalent in men than in women. However, emerging evidence suggests that the prevalence of cannabis use is converging among males and females from recent cohorts. This study aimed to systematically summarize published literature on birth cohort changes in male-to-female ratios in prevalence of cannabis use. Method: Twenty-two studies with a median sample size of 85,052 were identified for inclusion. Data were collected between 1979 and 2010, representing birth cohorts from 1936 to 1999. For quantitative synthesis, male-to-female ratios in prevalence of any cannabis use were calculated for all 5-year birth cohorts available, generating 348 separate ratios among birth cohorts from 1941 to 1995 in 30 countries. Random-effects meta-analyses generated pooled sex ratios, stratified by 5-year birth cohorts. Results: Of the 22 included studies, 10 reported some evidence of sex convergence in cannabis use among more recent cohorts. Quantitative synthesis found that the ratio of cannabis use prevalence in males and females decreased significantly from 2.0 among cohorts born in 1941 to 1.3 among those born in 1995. Conclusions: Findings support the narrowing sex gap in the prevalence of cannabis use. Results are concordant with a broader literature demonstrating sex convergence in prevalence of other substance use, particularly alcohol use and related harms. Both young women and men should be the target of prevention and early intervention efforts. Future research in more diverse global settings, especially in low-and middle-income countries, would enhance the international scope of the findings. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 78, 344-352, 2017) RECENT REPORTS INDICATE that about 3.5% of the population worldwide has used cannabis in the past year, making it one of the most widely used psychoactive substances (Gowing et al., 2015). Although studies from some countries have shown declines in prevalence of cannabis use among more recent birth cohorts (ter Bogt et al., 2014), others have reported significant increases over the past decade, with recent estimates of past-year prevalence in the United States as high as 9.5% (Hasin et al., 2015). In other countries, patterns of use over time have been more complex, particularly among young people (Copeland et al., 2013). In Australia, for example, although overall prevalence of cannabis use among those aged 12-17 has been declining, those who are using cannabis are doing so in greater quantities (Roxburgh et al., 2010). Similarly, a recent analysis of data from France, Germany, and the United States determined that despite some variations in patterns of use across these three countries, cannabis use was beginning at an earlier age among more recent cohorts (Legleye et al., 2014). These findings are particularly concerning given mounting evidence that chronic or prolonged cannabis use at young ages is associated with adverse psychiatric and other sequelae (Copeland et al., 2013;Hall & Degenhardt, 2009;Silins et al., 2014;Vo...

show abstract

Marijuana use in pregnancy and lactation: a review of the evidence

Cited by 201 publications

References 65 publications

Suppression of STAT3 Signaling by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Induces Trophoblast Dysfunction

Suppression of STAT3 Signaling by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Induces Trophoblast Dysfunction

Herbal laxatives and antiemetics in pregnancy

Evidence for Sex Convergence in Prevalence of Cannabis Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About