Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (1794 1867): an extraordinary scientist of his time

Yıldırım, Fatoş Belgin; Sarıkcıoğlu, Levent

doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.118380

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It was not until the Greek Hippocratic Corpus that consideration moved from demons to derangements of normal physiology to explain neuropsychiatric phenomena, clearing the path to establish a scientific understanding of balance disorders. The first key discoveries were made in the mid 19 th century when Pierre Flourens and Prosper Ménière identified the inner ear semicircular canals (SCC) as the sensory organs responsible for angular motion sensation, and Josef Breuer identified the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) as responsible for compensatory eye movements that stabilize the visual image on the retina by counteracting head movements 3 , 4 . Normally, SCC afferent neurons exclusively encode and transmit angular head motion information to the brain, but become pathologically sensitive to linear acceleration, vibration, atmospheric pressure, and airborne sound if the temporal bone encasing the vestibular labyrinth is compromised by a fistula or dehiscence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sound abnormally stimulates the vestibular system in canal dehiscence syndrome by generating pathological fluid-mechanical waves

Iversen

Zhu

Zhou

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Individuals suffering from Tullio phenomena experience dizziness, vertigo, and reflexive eye movements (nystagmus) when exposed to seemingly benign acoustic stimuli. The most common cause is a defect in the bone enclosing the vestibular semicircular canals of the inner ear. Surgical repair often corrects the problem, but the precise mechanisms underlying Tullio phenomenon are not known. In the present work we quantified the phenomenon in an animal model of the condition by recording fluid motion in the semicircular canals and neural activity evoked by auditory-frequency stimulation. Results demonstrate short-latency phase-locked afferent neural responses, slowly developing sustained changes in neural discharge rate, and nonlinear fluid pumping in the affected semicircular canal. Experimental data compare favorably to predictions of a nonlinear computational model. Results identify the biophysical origin of Tullio phenomenon in pathological sound-evoked fluid-mechanical waves in the inner ear. Sound energy entering the inner ear at the oval window excites fluid motion at the location of the defect, giving rise to traveling waves that subsequently excite mechano-electrical transduction in the vestibular sensory organs by vibration and nonlinear fluid pumping.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sound abnormally stimulates the vestibular system in canal dehiscence syndrome by generating pathological fluid-mechanical waves

Iversen

Zhu

Zhou

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…How they are integrated is unknown. Moreover, after trying for more than two centuries to locate just where and how memory is stored, neuroscientists are still unable to fully explain a most curious fi nding by the French physiologist Jean Pierre Flourens in the early 1800s (Yildirim & Sarikcioglu, 2007), revisited by the American psychologist Karl Lashley in the 1940s (Lashley, 1950). Lashley, and Flourens before him, surgically removed various parts of the brains of laboratory animals and watched the effects on their behavior.…”

Section: Unanswered Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does Energy Have to Do with Energy Psychology?

Feinstein¹

2012

EPJ

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An obstacle to professional acceptance of the growing body of research supporting the efficacy of energy psychology is the vague use of the term energy in the fi eld's name and explanatory frameworks. This article explores whether the concept of "energy" is necessary to fully account for the observed clinical outcomes that follow "energy psychology" treatments. Evidence is presented that shifting 3 types of energy-electromagnetic signals, brain waves, and energy fi elds-gives energy psychology protocols their advantage in quickly changing longstanding patterns in the brain. Electromagnetic signals that reduce threat arousal in the amygdala follow the stimulation of selected acupuncture points (acupoints). Acupoint stimulation also produces delta waves that are believed to depotentiate neural pathways that maintain maladaptive fear. Meanwhile, energy fi elds that organize neural activity provide a possible solution to a quandary in neuroscience. Conventional neurological models cannot explain how the diverse brain activities that are involved in information processing are coordinated. Just as electromagnetic fi elds have been shown to organize cellular activity in wound healing, energy fi elds are believed to organize neurological processes. The rapid resolution of intrusive, unprocessed memories seen in energy psychology treatments is attributed, in part, to the way acupoint stimulation is able to directly impact these "organizing fi elds." A working model that attempts to explain energy psychology treatment outcomes contains 3 premises about electromagnetic and more "subtle" energies in psychotherapy: (a) energy is an omnipresent dimension of body and mind that can be infl uenced to impact each in desired ways, (b) energy carries information, and (c) clinical interventions can draw upon the ways energy fi elds, through resonance, infl uence other energy fi elds as well as neural activity.

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“…Luigi Galvani noted in 1791 the stimulatory effect of electricity in animal tissue ( 1 ). In the first part of the nineteenth Century, Luigi Rolando ( 2 ) and Pierre Flourens ( 3 ) pioneered the use of electrical stimulation to study the localization of animal brain function. Contrary to prevailing opinion at the time, Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch demonstrated in 1870 that even certain portions of the surface of the animal brain produced a response to electrical stimulation ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Penfieldâ€™s Prediction: A Mechanism for Deep Brain Stimulation

Murrow

2014

Front. Neurol.

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Context: Despite its widespread use, the precise mechanism of action of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy remains unknown. The modern urgency to publish more and new data can obscure previously learned lessons by the giants who have preceded us and whose shoulders we now stand upon. Wilder Penfield extensively studied the effects of artificial electrical brain stimulation and his comments on the subject are still very relevant today. In particular, he noted two very different (and seemingly opposite) effects of stimulation within the human brain. In some structures, artificial electrical stimulation has an effect, which mimics ablation, while, in other structures, it produces a stimulatory effect on that tissue.Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this paper is fourfold. First, it proposes that some neural circuits are widely synchronized with other neural circuits, while some neural circuits are unsynchronized and operate independently. Second, it proposes that artificial high-frequency electrical stimulation of a synchronized neural circuit results in an ablative effect, but artificial high-frequency electrical stimulation of an unsynchronized neural circuit results in a stimulatory effect. Third, it suggests a part of the mechanism by which large-scale physiologic synchronization of widely distributed independently processed information streams may occur. This may be the neural mechanism underlying Penfield’s “centrencephalic system,” which he emphasized so many years ago. Fourth, it outlines the specific anatomic distribution of this physiologic synchronization, which Penfield has already clearly delineated as the distribution of his centrencephalic system.Evidence: This paper draws on a brief overview of previous theory regarding the mechanism of action of DBS and on historical, as well as widely known modern clinical data regarding the observed effects of stimulation delivered to various targets within the brain. Basic science investigations, which support the hypothesis are also cited.Conclusion: This paper proposes a novel hypothesis for the mechanism of action of DBS, which was conceptually foreshadowed by Wilder Penfield decades ago.

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Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (1794 1867): an extraordinary scientist of his time

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging demonstration of intrinsic cord pathology. Spine

Cited by 35 publications

References 5 publications

Sound abnormally stimulates the vestibular system in canal dehiscence syndrome by generating pathological fluid-mechanical waves

Sound abnormally stimulates the vestibular system in canal dehiscence syndrome by generating pathological fluid-mechanical waves

What Does Energy Have to Do with Energy Psychology?

Penfieldâ€™s Prediction: A Mechanism for Deep Brain Stimulation

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