Maps of cardiovascular and respiratory regions of rat ventral medulla: Focus on the caudal medulla

Goodchild, Ann K.; Moon, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.06.002

Cited by 43 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Kuo and Yang19 have demonstrated that the VLF power of arterial pressure variability are related to vasomotor reactivity in response to control signals from the rostral ventrolateral medulla via the sympathetic system in the rat. A recent review describes different neuronal structures playing an important role in the regulation of the vasomotor tone at the medullar brainstem level that extends from the inferior pole of the inferior olive to the C1-C2 cervical spinal segments 34 35…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual vasomotor activity assessed by heart rate variability in a brain-dead case

et al. 2015

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SUMMARYA patient assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) methodology, beginning just after the completion of brain death (BD) diagnosis, showed remaining very low frequency (VLF) waves for approximately 10 min. A timevarying spectral analysis showed that during the first 550 s, a significant power spectral density remained in the high-frequency (HF), low-frequency (LF) and VLF bands. From 550 to 675 s, the HF oscillations totally vanished, and a marked progressive decay of the LF and VLF power density occurred. After 700 s the VLF undulations stopped and remaining small amplitude oscillations at 0.2 Hz coincided with the ventilator frequency. The VLF oscillations recorded in our case might be related to residual sympathetic vasomotor activity that progressively disappeared due to the extension of necrosis affecting the nervous centres of the lower part of the medulla and the first 2-3 cervical spine segments. BACKGROUND

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual vasomotor activity assessed by heart rate variability in a brain-dead case

et al. 2015

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“…C1 neurons are found within the VLM down to the level of the area postrema. Thus C1 neurons are also located in the "depressor area" of the VLM where injection of excitatory agents decreases AP in anesthetized rats (62,196), presumably due to the activation of GABAergic interneurons that relay the baroreflex (see C1 Cells, Hypotension, and Baroreflexes). We define the VLM region that harbors these GABAergic neurons as the IVLM (intermediate VLM) (Fig.…”

Section: Anatomical Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…1C). With the use of this nomenclature, the CVLM contains the A1 noradrenergic neurons and VLM regions areas where injections of excitatory agents increases AP in anesthetized rats (62). In the aggregate, the RVLM and IVLM are coextensive with the C1 cells.…”

Section: Anatomical Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Guyenet

Stornetta

Bochorishvili

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

240

262

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The C1 neurons reside in the rostral and intermediate portions of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM, IVLM). They use glutamate as a fast transmitter and synthesize catecholamines plus various neuropeptides. These neurons regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis via direct projections to the paraventricular nucleus and regulate the autonomic nervous system via projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. The presympathetic C1 cells, located in the RVLM, are probably organized in a roughly viscerotopic manner and most of them regulate the circulation. C1 cells are variously activated by hypoglycemia, infection or inflammation, hypoxia, nociception, and hypotension and contribute to most glucoprivic responses. C1 cells also stimulate breathing and activate brain stem noradrenergic neurons including the locus coeruleus. Based on the various effects attributed to the C1 cells, their axonal projections and what is currently known of their synaptic inputs, subsets of C1 cells appear to be differentially recruited by pain, hypoxia, infection/inflammation, hemorrhage, and hypoglycemia to produce a repertoire of stereotyped autonomic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses that help the organism survive physical injury and its associated cohort of acute infection, hypoxia, hypotension, and blood loss. C1 cells may also contribute to glucose and cardiovascular homeostasis in the absence of such physical stresses, and C1 cell hyperactivity may contribute to the increase in sympathetic nerve activity associated with diseases such as hypertension. C1 neurons; blood pressure; brain stem BEST KNOWN for their contribution to the control of arterial pressure (AP), the C1 neurons have also been implicated in many other physiological processes ranging from neuroendocrine responses to infection and inflammation, glucose homeostasis, reproduction, breathing, thermoregulation, hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA)-mediated stress responses, and food consumption. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most salient information concerning the C1 cells, to point out some of the remaining gaps in our current knowledge, and to suggest a few unifying physiological principles that could account for these seemingly disparate observations. Based on the various effects attributed to the C1 cells and what is currently known of their synaptic inputs, we propose that these neurons are, figuratively speaking, the body's "emergency medical technicians." By this we imply that these neurons produce stereotyped autonomic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses designed to help the organism survive major acute physical stresses such as accidental, pathological, or dive-related hypoxia or physical injury and its associated cohort of acute infection, blood loss, and hypotension. These emergency responses include, in the short term and depending on the stress, vasoconstriction, cardioinhibition, or acceleration, breathing stimulation, antidiuresis, changes in metabolism, and gastrointestinal (GI) functions designed to conserve pe...

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“…The midline raphé nuclei of the medulla oblongata, comprising predominantly 5-HT producing neurones, contain rather ill-defined sites shown to regulate cardiovascular function, as well as respiratory, thermoregulatory and (anti-) nociceptive functions (Blessing, 1997). Neurones in this region, including those of the parapyramidal area and rostroventromedial medulla have projections to the spinal IML and may function as sympathetic premotor neurones (Blessing, 1997;Salo et al, 2009;Goodchild and Moon, 2009). The midbrain dorsal raphé nuclei of primates and rodents strongly express ERb receptors, which have been shown to mediate changes in gene expression in 5-HT neurones, providing a substrate for oestrogen's effects on mood, arousal, pain perception and other neural functions (Bethea et al, 2002).…”

Section: Oestrogen Actions In Other Cns Nucleimentioning

confidence: 99%

Oestrogen receptors in the central nervous system and evidence for their role in the control of cardiovascular function

Spary

Maqbool

Batten

2009

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

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Maps of cardiovascular and respiratory regions of rat ventral medulla: Focus on the caudal medulla

Cited by 43 publications

References 126 publications

Residual vasomotor activity assessed by heart rate variability in a brain-dead case

Residual vasomotor activity assessed by heart rate variability in a brain-dead case

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Oestrogen receptors in the central nervous system and evidence for their role in the control of cardiovascular function

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