“…Finally, in the absence of managerial support or resources, librarians in a variety of positions might seek to engage in the sort of cross-institutional research cited above (Balagué and Saarti, 2011;Saarti and Juntunen, 2011;Sparks et al, 2014;Balagué et al, 2015Balagué et al, , 2016 as a means by which they as individual scholars might move their organizations to benchmark and thereby challenge themselves to develop, whether individually or through collaboration, better approaches to all aspects of the CLO function. Librarians may also advocate for their libraries to adopt guidelines or standards that push their institutions to consider ways to integrate what may be disparate HR and performance improvement functions such as IFLA's Guidelines for Continuing Professional Development (Varlejs, 2016), the UK's Customer Service Excellence Standard (Broady-Preston and Lobo, 2011), ISO 9001 (Balagué and Saarti, 2011), or other quality management standards.…”