Mapping the Diverse and Inclusive Future of Parkinson’s Disease Genetics and Its Widespread Impact

Abstract

Over the last decades, genetics has been the engine that has pushed us along on our voyage to understand the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although a large number of risk loci and causative mutations for PD have been identified, it is clear that much more needs to be done to solve the missing heritability mystery. Despite remarkable efforts, as a field, we have failed in terms of diversity and inclusivity. The vast majority of genetic studies in PD have focused on individuals of European ancestry, leading to a gap of knowledge on the existing genetic differences across populations and PD as a whole. As we move forward, shedding light on the genetic architecture contributing to PD in non-European populations is essential, and will provide novel insight into the generalized genetic map of the disease. In this review, we discuss how better representation of understudied ancestral groups in PD genetics research requires addressing and resolving all the challenges that hinder the inclusion of these populations. We further provide an overview of PD genetics in the clinics, covering the current challenges and limitations of genetic testing and counseling. Finally, we describe the impact of worldwide collaborative initiatives in the field, shaping the future of the new era of PD genetics as we advance in our understanding of the genetic architecture of PD.

Genetic Testing for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders in Less Privileged Areas: Barriers and Opportunities

“…(5) Increasing the availability and accessibility of genetic testing through corporate partnerships and research collaborations. Concerted multinational collaborative efforts can substantially improve diversity in genetics research and empower local expertise/genetic testing services, as exemplified by partnerships in PD and other neurogenetics research 4,38,39 . Importantly, research in these under‐represented populations also offer opportunities to uncover novel genetic variants/mechanisms and epidemiologic insights, 40,41 that can be translated into clinical care and healthcare planning.…”

Genetic Testing in Clinical Movement Disorders: A Case-Based Review

“…It is important to recognize that the vast majority of genetic studies in PD have focused on individuals of European ancestry, and thus, genetic causes of PD within non-European populations likely remain undiscovered. 28…”

Fractures in Parkinson’s Disease

“…Gene therapy also leads to the growth of cells and tissues in the brain, which helps to protect individuals from further damage. The growth of the cells and tissues of the brain helps increase human beings' rejuvenation and survival rate because it helps protect the neurons [26]. It is proven to be a highly effective treatment, and soon, more advances in technology and medical sciences will lead to effective treatment of the disease.…”