Mapping of magnetic nanoparticles and cells using thin film magnetoelectric sensors based on the delta-E effect

Lukat, Nils; Friedrich, Ron-Marco; Spetzler, Benjamin; Kirchhof, Christine; Arndt, Christine; Thormählen, Lars; Faupel, Franz; Selhuber‐Unkel, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2020.112023

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Such resonators are operated in bending or bulk modes and some have achieved limits of detection down to the sub-nT regime at low frequencies. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) cantilever sensors based on the delta-E effect were recently used for the mapping of magnetically labeled cells [33], and have shown promising properties for sensor array applications [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetoelastic Coupling and Delta-E Effect in Magnetoelectric Torsion Mode Resonators

Spetzler

Голубева

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Magnetoelectric resonators have been studied for the detection of small amplitude and low frequency magnetic fields via the delta-E effect, mainly in fundamental bending or bulk resonance modes. Here, we present an experimental and theoretical investigation of magnetoelectric thin-film cantilevers that can be operated in bending modes (BMs) and torsion modes (TMs) as a magnetic field sensor. A magnetoelastic macrospin model is combined with an electromechanical finite element model and a general description of the delta-E effect of all stiffness tensor components Cij is derived. Simulations confirm quantitatively that the delta-E effect of the C66 component has the promising potential of significantly increasing the magnetic sensitivity and the maximum normalized frequency change ∆fr. However, the electrical excitation of TMs remains challenging and is found to significantly diminish the gain in sensitivity. Experiments reveal the dependency of the sensitivity and ∆fr of TMs on the mode number, which differs fundamentally from BMs and is well explained by our model. Because the contribution of C11 to the TMs increases with the mode number, the first-order TM yields the highest magnetic sensitivity. Overall, general insights are gained for the design of high-sensitivity delta-E effect sensors, as well as for frequency tunable devices based on the delta-E effect.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetoelastic Coupling and Delta-E Effect in Magnetoelectric Torsion Mode Resonators

Spetzler

Голубева

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…This is currently of a similar order of magnitude as the LODs of some magnetoresistive sensors [40,41]. As an application example of delta-E effect sensors, magnetic particle mapping was recently demonstrated for cell localization [42]. In this setup, the sensor was operated under a magnetic bias field provided by a permanent magnet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Spetzler

Wiegand

Durdaut

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Recently, Delta-E effect magnetic field sensors based on exchange-biased magnetic multilayers have shown the potential of detecting low-frequency and small-amplitude magnetic fields. Their design is compatible with microelectromechanical system technology, potentially small, and therefore, suitable for arrays with a large number N of sensor elements. In this study, we explore the prospects and limitations for improving the detection limit by averaging the output of N sensor elements operated in parallel with a single oscillator and a single amplifier to avoid additional electronics and keep the setup compact. Measurements are performed on a two-element array of exchange-biased sensor elements to validate a signal and noise model. With the model, we estimate requirements and tolerances for sensor elements using larger N. It is found that the intrinsic noise of the sensor elements can be considered uncorrelated, and the signal amplitude is improved if the resonance frequencies differ by less than approximately half the bandwidth of the resonators. Under these conditions, the averaging results in a maximum improvement in the detection limit by a factor of N. A maximum N≈200 exists, which depends on the read-out electronics and the sensor intrinsic noise. Overall, the results indicate that significant improvement in the limit of detection is possible, and a model is presented for optimizing the design of delta-E effect sensor arrays in the future.

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“…As shown in Figure 17b, the signal strength linearly depended on concentrations of SPIONs and the limit of detectable iron content was about 20 µg. With respect to the spatial resolution, different samples can be well distinguished in a smallest distance of 5 mm as shown in Figure 17c [92].…”

Section: Biomagnetic Measurementmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In 2016, Hao et al designed a kind of biomagnetic liver susceptometry (BLS) instrument for assessing the liver iron concentration (LIC) based on ME sensors, which can be operated under room temperature and in an unshielded environment [88]. In 2020, Lukat et al further successfully localized and mapped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with a technique based on ME sensors [92].…”

Section: Biomagnetic Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A rotating plate holder generating periodic signal was used to enable an easy acquirement of useful signals from the sample and to remove the environment drift. The permanent magnet and electrically shielded ME sensor were placed on two sides of the plate holder [92]. Compared with other methods, this system circumvents the difficulty to separate the magnetic field generated by the sample under excitation and the magnetic field superposition of the excitation source in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) [93] and magnetic particle mapping (MPM) [94].…”

Section: Biomagnetic Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Magnetoelectric Sensors

et al. 2021

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Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) materials with the capability of coupling magnetization and electric polarization have been providing diverse routes towards functional devices and thus attracting ever-increasing attention. The typical device applications include sensors, energy harvesters, magnetoelectric random access memory, tunable microwave devices and ME antenna etc. Among those application scenarios, ME sensors are specifically focused in this review article. We begin with an introduction of materials development and then recent advances in ME sensors are overviewed. Engineering applications of ME sensors were followed and typical scenarios are presented. Finally, several remaining challenges and future directions from the perspective of sensor designs and real applications are included.

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Mapping of magnetic nanoparticles and cells using thin film magnetoelectric sensors based on the delta-E effect

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Magnetoelastic Coupling and Delta-E Effect in Magnetoelectric Torsion Mode Resonators

Magnetoelastic Coupling and Delta-E Effect in Magnetoelectric Torsion Mode Resonators

Modeling and Parallel Operation of Exchange-Biased Delta-E Effect Magnetometers for Sensor Arrays

Review of Magnetoelectric Sensors

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