Mapping of enzyme activity by detection of enzymatic products during AFM imaging with integrated SECM–AFM probes

Kranz, Christine; Kueng, Angelika; Lugstein, Alois; Bertagnolli, E.; Mizaikoff, Boris

doi:10.1016/j.ultramic.2003.10.004

Cited by 82 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Es ist daher kein überra-schender Trend, dass viele Forschungsgruppen sehr kleine Elektroden verwenden, diese aber im empfindlicheren GCModus betreiben, obwohl dieser eine schlechtere laterale Auflösung als der FB-Modus aufweist. [70,233,254,426,438] 7. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick …”

Section: Weitere Gekoppelte Methodenunclassified

“…Die Sonden verfügen über sehr gute Abbildungseigenschaften im SFM und eignen sich auch für den Tapping-Modus, [431] der bei der Untersuchung weicher Proben von Vorteil ist. Die Entwicklung ist bereits so weit ausgereift, dass praktisch relevante Untersuchungen von enzymbeladenen Mikrostrukturen [308,438,439] Die Methode ist so robust, dass die erhaltenen Elektroden weiter zu Enzymelektroden modifiziert werden konnten, wodurch sich die chemische Selektivität der Messungen erhöh-te. [440,441] Ein limitierender Faktor besteht einstweilen darin, dass die Messsonden individuell angefertigt werden müssen.…”

Section: Kopplungen Mit Sfm Und Ecstmunclassified

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Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten

Wittstock¹,

Burchardt²,

Pust³

et al. 2007

Angewandte Chemie

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Eine entscheidende Rolle in der Elektrochemie, aber auch in biologischen Systemen oder beim Transport durch Membranen, spielen lokale Prozesse an Fest‐flüssig‐Grenzflächen oder Flüssig‐flüssig‐Grenzflächen, die z. B. an Defektstellen, an Poren oder an einzelnen Zellen ablaufen und sich durch integrale Untersuchungsverfahren nur schwer erfassen lassen. Mit der elektrochemischen Rastermikroskopie steht eine Untersuchungsmethode für lokale Grenzflächenreaktionen zur Verfügung, die nach zwei Jahrzehnten Entwicklung eine solide theoretische Basis und eine große Zahl von Anwendungen aufweist. Sie bietet die Möglichkeit, Geschwindigkeiten heterogener Reaktionen direkt abzubilden und Oberflächen durch elektrochemisch erzeugte Reaktanten lokal zu modifizieren. Die Vielfalt der Anwendungen reicht von klassischen elektrochemischen Fragestellungen bei der Untersuchung lokaler Korrosionsphänomene und elektrokatalytischer Reaktionen in Brennstoffzellen, von Sensoroberflächen, Biochips und mikrostrukturierten Analysesystemen bis hin zum Massentransport durch synthetische Membranen, Haut und Gewebe sowie interzellulären Kommunikationsprozessen. Außerdem können Prozesse an Flüssigkeitsoberflächen oder an Flüssig‐flüssig‐Grenzflächen untersucht werden.

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Section: Weitere Gekoppelte Methodenunclassified

Section: Kopplungen Mit Sfm Und Ecstmunclassified

Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten

Wittstock¹,

Burchardt²,

Pust³

et al. 2007

Angewandte Chemie

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show abstract

“…Kreung et al have mapped glucose oxidase (GOx) activity on a micropatterned surface and through a synthetic membrane [157,170]. The same group has imaged immobilized horseradish peroxidase with the same techniques [171]. Simultaneous imaging topography and the methodology of using electrochemistry to agitate interfacial systems has been applied to crystal dissolution studies [172].…”

Section: Scanning Probe Microscopy (Spm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

Grieshaber

MacKenzie

Vörös

et al. 2008

Sensors

838

636

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Quantification of biological or biochemical processes are of utmost importance for medical, biological and biotechnological applications. However, converting the biological information to an easily processed electronic signal is challenging due to the complexity of connecting an electronic device directly to a biological environment. Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means to analyze the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. Over the past decades several sensing concepts and related devices have been developed. In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing. Additional measurement techniques, which have been shown useful in combination with electrochemical detection, are also summarized, such as the electrochemical versions of surface plasmon resonance, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy, ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and scanning probe microscopy. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical sensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. New nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of engineered ion-channels in lipid bilayers, the encapsulation of enzymes into vesicles, polymersomes, or polyelectrolyte capsules provide additional possibilities for signal amplification. In particular, this review highlights the importance of the precise control over the delicate interplay between surface nano-architectures, surface functionalization and the chosen sensor transducer principle, as well as the usefulness of complementary characterization tools to interpret and to optimize the sensor response.

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“…This dual functionality is enabled by special probe geometries that ensure a fixed electrode-to-tip distance or accurate control of the tip-to-sample distance. SECM-AFM has been used to study the local electrochemical activity of various substrates, enzyme activity, [20][21][22] and membrane ion transport. 8,23,24 Furthermore, SECM-AFM probes with nanoelectrodes have been developed to improve the electrochemical resolution; 12,13,15,[25][26][27][28][29][30] however, the application of high-resolution SECM-AFMs with disk-type nanoelectrodes is limited to the characterization of probes using the "lift-up" mode to avoid short circuiting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous imaging of the topography and electrochemical activity of a 2D carbon nanotube network using a dual functional L-shaped nanoprobe

Lee

Sung

et al. 2015

Analyst

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The application of nanomaterials for biosensors and fuel cells is becoming more common, but it requires an understanding of the relationship between the structure and electrochemical characteristics of the materials at the nanoscale. Herein, we report the development of scanning electrochemical microscopyatomic force microscopy (SECM-AFM) nanoprobes for collecting spatially resolved data regarding the electrochemical activity of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. The fabrication of the nanoprobe begins with the integration of a CNT-bundle wire into a conventional AFM probe followed by the deposition of an insulating layer and cutting of the probe end. In addition, a protrusive insulating tip is integrated at the end of the insulated CNT-bundle wire to maintain a constant distance between the nanoelectrode and the substrate; this yields an L-shaped nanoprobe. The resulting nanoprobes produced well-fitted maps of faradaic current data with less than 300 nm spatial resolution and topographical images of CNT networks owing to the small effective distance (of the order of tens of nanometers) between the electrode and the substrate. Electrochemical imaging using the L-shaped nanoprobe revealed that the electrochemical activity of the CNT network is not homogeneous and provided further understanding of the relationship between the topography and electrochemical characteristics of CNT networks.

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Mapping of enzyme activity by detection of enzymatic products during AFM imaging with integrated SECM–AFM probes

Cited by 82 publications

References 39 publications

Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten

Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten

Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures

Simultaneous imaging of the topography and electrochemical activity of a 2D carbon nanotube network using a dual functional L-shaped nanoprobe

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