identifies three such lines of argument, but I will focus on one in particular: "empirical aptness" (p. 270). Buskell defines empirical aptness as "a relationship between a researcher's resources and the generation of epistemic goods" (p. 271). Causal frameworks are such resources. We may think of empirical aptness as describing a tight "fit" between a causal framework and the aims of a particular research program. Therefore, if we are to choose between competing causal frameworks in a nonarbitrary fashion, they must differ with respect to the advantages they confer on empirical progress. If a biological concept is empirically apt, then, among other things, models that employ the concept may make accurate predictions or reveal causal mechanisms more frequently than models that do not employ the concept. 3 Arguments for an EES often rely on its promise that treating reciprocal causation as a central feature of adaptive evolution is empirically apt relative to the mainstream alternative.Given that empirical aptness concerns the practical power granted by a particular conceptual framework, I will characterize a second feature frequently found in arguments for an EES: "explanatory aptness." Let us define explanatory aptness as the relationship between a conceptual framework and its ontological implications-the map it draws of the natural world.Empirical aptness and explanatory aptness may come apart in interesting ways. A framework may be empirically apt if it is employed by models that enable reliable predictions of the relevant 3 These are not the only ways for a conceptual framework to be empirically apt. Buskell says that "while 'fit' could be understood in terms of a propensity to make more accurate predictions," this is intentionally left open (personal communication). In the same spirit, I have used generic language in the survey to measure beliefs about empirical aptness (e.g., "adjust our models," "shift in our research practices," etc.). Additionally, an anonymous referee helpfully suggests that a broader notion of empirical aptness may be necessary since evolutionary biology, a historical science, notoriously struggles with predictions. Still, I believe there is adequate support in the EES literature for using predictive power as a metric (but not the only metric) for empirical aptness (see, e.g.