Manunggalism: Paradigm, Philosophy, and Theory to View the World Relations (WR) Belong to Indonesian School (Mazhab Indonesia) in Manunggalian Era 21st Century

Abstract

Understanding the world order and the world phenomenon can be divided into two main of grand-paradigm, namely “international relations” which is rooted in Western traditions and “world relations” which is rooted in Eastern traditions. The Western World sees the world order through the Discipline of International Relations (IR) which focuses on the study of the interaction of Materialism States as World-States. Furthermore, the Discipline of International Relations has produced various paradigms, philosophies, and theories about organizing the world through “Western International Relations Theory (IRT)”. Meanwhile, the Eastern World in viewing the world order has not been well codified. Therefore, the Eastern World continues to introduce new ideas on the Discipline of World Relations (WR) which focuses on the study of the interaction of Geometricalism Worlds “Tata Bawana” as World-Nations. As an effort to present a balance of studies and disciplines regarding ways to view the world, this paper would like to offer a new way of understanding the world order from the Eastern World by explaining: (1) Manunggalism as a paradigm, philosophy, and theory; (2) Indonesian School (Mazhab Indonesia) as a world political thought movement in organizing and theorizing the world relations with the spirit of “gotong royong” and its variation; (3) Introducing briefly “Eastern World Relations Theory (WRT)” to understand the world order in Manunggalian era of the 21st century, and (4) Classifying World Relations System to defining the world order in past, now, and future.