Manipulation of Cool and Blue Flames in the Winged Vertical Tube Reactor

Onset of Ions in Flames

“…The winged Vertical Tube Reactor (VTR) and its uses have been described elsewhere (Williams and Sheinson, 1973). Figure I shows the experimental apparatus, including the side arms modified for ion collection.…”

“…. Using the winged Vertical Tube Reactor (VTR) (Williams and Sheinson , 1973) by which flame stages can be separated and stabilized, we observed (Sheinson and Williams-1973a) a flame stage which has its origin from the transition of the second stage blue flame. An 800°C acetaldehyde blue flame of initial composition 15.0% fuel, 15.0% oxidizer, and 70.0% nitrogen changes to a green flame by increasing the oxygen to 15.1 %.…”

Asymptotic Analysis of n-Heptane Ignition and Cool Flames with a Temperature-Explicit Model

“…Cool flames maybe generated in experiments involving adiabatic compression of hydrocarbon-air mixtures, for example, and under idealized laboratory conditions they often appear to occur homogeneously throughout the compressed system, frequently repeatedly in time. However, by use of specially designed burners (Williams, Johnson and Carhart, 1959), they can be stabilized in laboratory flow systems to study their structures (Williams and Sheinson, 1973), which then exhibit spatial dependence. The steady-state spatial structures and steady propagation velocities of cool flames are analyzed theoretically here.…”

Detailed Modelling of Combustion Systems

“…In the vertical tube reactor [26], thoroughly mixed reactants at room temperature enter a tube from the bottom and are driven upwards at velocities of about 5-10 cm/sec. Heating the tube from the walls increases the gas temprature.…”

“…The vertical tube reactor has been used primarily to study the low temperature oxidation of hydrocarbons [26,27]. One such study was the search for the source of chemiluminescent formaldehyde which occurs in the oxidation of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) [28].…”