Manipulation of autophagy by (+) RNA viruses

Abstract

A B S T R A C TAutophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process central to host metabolism. Among its major functions are conservation of energy during starvation, recycling organelles, and turnover of long-lived proteins. Besides, autophagy plays a critical role in removing intracellular pathogens and very likely represents a primordial intrinsic cellular defence mechanism. More recent findings indicate that it has not only retained its ability to degrade intracellular pathogens, but also functions to augment and fine tune antiviral immune responses. Interestingly, viruses have also co-evolved strategies to manipulate this pathway and use it to their advantage. Particularly intriguing is infection-dependent activation of autophagy with positive stranded (+)RNA virus infections, which benefit from the pathway without succumbing to lysosomal degradation. In this review we summarise recent data on viral manipulation of autophagy, with a particular emphasis on +RNA viruses and highlight key unanswered questions in the field that we believe merit further attention. (S. Sanyal).Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx 1084-9521/

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A SARS-CoV-2 BioID-based virus-host membrane protein interactome and virus peptide compendium: new proteomics resources for COVID-19 research

“…Many viruses have thus evolved strategies to inhibit the host autophagic machinery. Notably, however, (+)RNA viruses appear to be dependent on autophagic function for efficient replication, and hijack components of the autophagic machinery for use in membrane re-organization and the creation of ROs 28 . Consistent with these observations, our data highlight multiple interactions amongst SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the ER-phagy receptors FAM134B, TEX2644 and SEC24C.…”

Singapore Grouper Iridovirus (SGIV) Inhibited Autophagy for Efficient Viral Replication

“…Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that maintains cellular homeostasis by sequestering damaged organelles or misfolded proteins in the autophagosome and fusing with lysosomes for degradation and recycling (Xie and Klionsky, 2007;Klionsky et al, 2011). As a cell steward, autophagy is an essential part of host defense against pathogens (Wong and Sanyal, 2019). So far, approximately 40 autophagy related genes (Atgs) that strictly regulate this membrane trafficking process are known in yeast, and several mammalian homologs of yeast Atgs have been identified (Katherine et al, 2018).…”