Manipulating Microbiota to Treat Atopic Dermatitis: Functions and Therapies

Alam, Jahangir; Xie, Liang; Yap, Yu Anne; Marques, Francine Z.; Robert, Rémy

doi:10.3390/pathogens11060642

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 357 publications

(385 reference statements)

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“…This dysbiosis results in a reduction of short-chain fatty acids production, like acetate, propionate, and butyrate. They are known to be potent anti-inflammatory in many diseases, including atopic dermatitis, through inhibition of Th2 and activation of regulatory T cells ( Alam et al, 2022 ). These changes can cause a disruption in the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to an increased intestinal permeability and favoring toxins and gut microorganisms to penetrate the body circulation and contribute to skin inflammation.…”

Section: The Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune/inflammatory Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases

et al. 2023

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Thousands of microorganisms compose the human gut microbiota, fighting pathogens in infectious diseases and inhibiting or inducing inflammation in different immunological contexts. The gut microbiome is a dynamic and complex ecosystem that helps in the proliferation, growth, and differentiation of epithelial and immune cells to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Disorders that cause alteration of this microbiota lead to an imbalance in the host’s immune regulation. Growing evidence supports that the gut microbial community is associated with the development and progression of different infectious and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding the interaction between intestinal microbiota and the modulation of the host’s immune system is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms involved in different pathologies, as well as for the search of new treatments. Here we review the main gut bacteria capable of impacting the immune response in different pathologies and we discuss the mechanisms by which this interaction between the immune system and the microbiota can alter disease outcomes.

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Section: The Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune/inflammatory Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases

et al. 2023

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“…Considering the importance of S. aureus in AD, treatments aimed at controlling its over‐colonization, either indirectly by decreasing the pH to suppress S. aureus growth or directly by specifically targeting S. aureus , have been considered for managing AD and reducing flares 6 …”

Section: Anti‐staphylococcal Therapy In Adults and Children With Atop...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, evidence suggests that AD is an inflammatory skin disease releasing systemic components that may progress to the lungs if left untreated (level change) 3 . AD is characterized by an interplay of an impaired epidermal barrier function, cutaneous inflammation and dysbiosis of the cutaneous microbiota 4–6 . Differences in microbial diversity and community composition have been observed between affected and unaffected skin of AD patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin microbiome dysbiosis and the role of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis in adults and children: A narrative review

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et al. 2023

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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A dysfunctional epidermal barrier, which may be associated with mutations in the filaggrin gene in genetically predisposed individuals or harmful effects of environmental agents and allergens, contributes to the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) due to an interplay between the epithelial barrier, immune defence and the cutaneous microbiome. The skin of patients with AD is frequently over‐colonized by biofilm‐growing Staphylococcus aureus, especially during flares, causing dysbiosis of the cutaneous microbiota and a decrease in bacterial diversity that inversely correlates with AD severity. Specific changes in the skin microbiome can be present before clinical AD onset in infancy. Additionally, local skin anatomy, lipid content, pH, water activity and sebum secretion differ between children and adults and generally correlate with the predominant microbiota. Considering the importance of S. aureus in AD, treatments aimed at reducing over‐colonization to rebalance microbial diversity may help manage AD and reduce flares. Anti‐staphylococcal interventions in AD will contribute to a decrease in S. aureus superantigens and proteases that cause damage and inflammation of the skin barrier while concomitantly increasing the proportion of commensal bacteria that secrete antimicrobial molecules that protect healthy skin from invading pathogens. This review summarizes the latest data on targeting skin microbiome dysbiosis and S. aureus over‐colonization to treat AD in adults and children. Indirect AD therapies, including emollients ‘plus’, anti‐inflammatory topicals and monoclonal antibodies, may have an impact on S. aureus and help control bacterial diversity. Direct therapies, including antibacterial treatments (antiseptics/topical or systemic antibiotics), and innovative treatments specifically targeting S. aureus (e.g. anti‐S. aureus endolysin, and autologous bacteriotherapy), may be effective alternatives to mitigate against an increase in microbial resistance and allow a proportionate increase in the commensal microbiota.

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“…Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema, is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a significant health burden worldwide, particularly in children (Alam, Xie, Yap, Marques, & Robert, 2022, Bieber, 2010, Eichenfield et al., 2014). The pathogenesis of AD has not yet been fully understood, and up to now, no curative therapy is available for this disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mouse Model of MC903‐Induced Atopic Dermatitis

et al. 2023

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, and extremely pruritic inflammatory skin disease with a particular impact on children. AD pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, and there is no curative treatment for this disease. Therefore, several genetically or chemically-induced AD mouse models have been developed. These preclinical mouse models are an indispensable research tool for studying AD pathogenesis and evaluating the efficacy of new candidate AD therapeutics. A commonly used mouse model of AD has been developed using the topical application of a low-calcemic analog of vitamin D3, MC903, to induce AD-like inflammatory phenotypes that closely resemble human AD. Moreover, this model shows a minimal effect on systemic calcium metabolism that is observed in the vitamin D3-induced AD model. Thus, an expanding number of studies use the MC903-induced AD model to interrogate AD pathobiology in vivo and to test new candidate small molecule and monoclonal antibody therapies. This protocol describes in detail functional measurements including the measurement of skin thickness, which is a surrogate marker for ear skin inflammation, as well as itch assessment, histological evaluation to assess the structural changes associated with AD skin inflammation, and preparation of single-cell suspensions from ear skin and draining lymph nodes for the assessment of inflammatory leukocyte subset infiltration in these tissues using flow cytometry.

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Manipulating Microbiota to Treat Atopic Dermatitis: Functions and Therapies

Cited by 25 publications

References 357 publications

Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases

Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases

Skin microbiome dysbiosis and the role of Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis in adults and children: A narrative review

A Mouse Model of MC903‐Induced Atopic Dermatitis

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