Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases

Abstract

Thousands of microorganisms compose the human gut microbiota, fighting pathogens in infectious diseases and inhibiting or inducing inflammation in different immunological contexts. The gut microbiome is a dynamic and complex ecosystem that helps in the proliferation, growth, and differentiation of epithelial and immune cells to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Disorders that cause alteration of this microbiota lead to an imbalance in the host’s immune regulation. Growing evidence supports that the gut microbial community is associated with the development and progression of different infectious and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding the interaction between intestinal microbiota and the modulation of the host’s immune system is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms involved in different pathologies, as well as for the search of new treatments. Here we review the main gut bacteria capable of impacting the immune response in different pathologies and we discuss the mechanisms by which this interaction between the immune system and the microbiota can alter disease outcomes.

Gut microbiota profile in CDKL5 deficiency disorder patients as a potential marker of clinical severity

“…Beyond oral-derived bacteria, additional changes in the microbiota suggest the presence of inflammatory triggers originating from microbial sources in CDD. For instance, Eggerthella spp, belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, has been associated with a variety of human inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis 39,40 . On the other hand, the CDD gut microbiota is deficient in short chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing genera such as Eubacterium , Intestinomonas , Gemmiger spp, recently proposed as probiotic species 39,41 .…”

“…In our investigation, we found a significant enrichment of the family Clostridiaceae , Peptostreptococcaceae , Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Christensenecellaceae and Ruminococcaceae , in CDD patients who experienced daily epileptic seizures. Collinsella , belonging to Coriobacteriaceae, have been shown to correlate with increased intestinal permeability and to induce the expression of IL-17, a cytokine with a recognized role in epileptogenesis 40,46 . Neuroinflammation is a key player in triggering seizures and in sustaining their occurrence regardless of ASM treatment 47 .…”

Potential effects of nutrition‐induced alteration of gut microbiota on inflammatory bowel disease: A review

“…Dynamic balance of intestinal microecology is crucial for host health, while the interaction of multiple factors such as infection, medication, and dietary changes can lead to chaotic shifts in gut microbiota, known as intestinal dysbiosis 65 . Dysbiosis may be detrimental and associated with a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as IBD, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and inflammatory skin diseases 66 . Comparative analyses of the diversity of gut microbiota among individuals may evaluate the association between gut microbiota and various pathological conditions.…”

Inference of Causal Interaction Networks of Gut Microbiota Using Transfer Entropy

“…Many studies has shed light on the profound impact the gut microbiota on human health [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. They assist in the digestion and fermentation of the food, enabling the extraction and synthesis of vital nutrients and energy from the food we consume [5,6].…”

“…They assist in the digestion and fermentation of the food, enabling the extraction and synthesis of vital nutrients and energy from the food we consume [5,6]. Beyond their role in nutrition, these microbial communities serve to protect against pathogens [7,8], regulate immune function, and strengthen the biochemical barriers of the gut and intestine [9].…”