Mangrove forest decline: consequences for livelihoods and environment in South Sulawesi

Abstract

Mangrove forests in the tropics and subtropics grow in saline sediments in coastal and estuarine environments. Preservation of mangrove forests is important for many reasons, including the prevention of coastal erosion and seawater intrusion; the provision of spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds of diverse marine biota; and for direct use (such as firewood, charcoal, and construction material)-all of which benefit the sustainability of local communities. However, for many mangrove areas of the world, unsustainable resource utilization and the profit orientation of communities have often led to rapid and severe mangrove loss with serious consequences. The mangrove forests of the Takalar District, South Sulawesi, are studied here as a case area that has suffered from degradation and declining spatial extent during recent decades. On the basis of a postclassification comparison of change detection from satellite imagery and a survey of households, we provide an estimate of the mangrove change in the Takalar District during 1979-2011 and the consequences of those changes. Mangrove forest areas were reduced by 66.05 % (3344 hectares) during the 33-year period of analysis, and the biggest annual negative change in dense mangrove forest cover (8.37 %) occurred during the period 2006-2011. The changes were caused mainly by the mangrove clearing and conversion to aquaculture, and consequences have been increasing forest degradation, coastal abrasion, seawater intrusion, a decline in fish capture, a reduction in juvenile shrimp and milkfish, and outbreaks of shrimp disease. On the other hand, the clearing and impoundment of mangrove forests for shrimp and seaweed culture have provided a source of foreign exchange and new opportunities for employment in the study area.

Biomass Carbon Stocks In The Mangrove Rehabilitated Area Of Sinjai District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

“…However, deforestation and degradation rates at up to 0.39% per year since 2000 had contributed to an annual carbon emission of about 0.21-0.45 Pg CO 2 to the atmosphere (Hamilton and Friess 2018). Over-exploitation for many purposes, such as commercial logging, fuelwood, charcoal, and conversion into other land-uses, primary into aquaculture ponds, have trusted as a driver of mangrove losses (Kusmana 2015;Murdiyarso et al 2015;Malik et al 2017).…”

Applying Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Data and Markov-Cellular Automata to Predict Forest Cover Change and Forest Degradation of Sundarban Reserve Forest, Bangladesh

“…Mangrove forests (MFs), are predominantly observed along the inter-tidal coastlines across the world where land meets with the sea [1]. Forty-one percent of the world's mangroves exist in South and Southeast Asia and the remaining 59% are shared by other regions (East Asia, Pacific Islands, Middle East, North and Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Eastern and Southern Africa, and West and Central Africa) worldwide [2]. Globally, MF plays an important role in countries' national economies through natural productivity and the variety of its products and services [3].…”

Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh: causes of degradation and sustainable management options

“…Mangroves are swamp forests, found in sheltered estuaries along with river banks and lagoons in the tropical and subtropical countries (Kumar et al 2016;Malik et al 2017). They are renowned for their floral and faunal diversity (Iftekhar and Takama 2008), with some particular adaptive capacities to the coastal environment i.e., coastal tides, salinity, siltation and sedimentation (Paul et al 2017).…”

“…The global pattern of biodiversity in mangroves showed that, over 41% of the world's mangroves exist in South and Southeast Asia, where Indonesia alone occupied for 23% (Malik et al 2017). A further 20% of the total mangrove areas lie in Australia, Brazil and Nigeria (Gopal and Chauhan 2006).…”