Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids

Nowak, Katarzyna

doi:10.1159/000339810

Cited by 85 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This finding underscores the view that the emphasis on mangroves as marine ecosystems has led to the importance of the terrestrial components of mangrove forests being undervalued (Luther & Greenberg, 2009;Nowak, 2013). In addition to extending our knowledge of the global richness of terrestrial vertebrates in mangrove ecosystems, our results also reveal a wider range of countries in which these species use mangroves than previously reported (Figure 1b, c).…”

Section: Species Distribution and Richnesssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…We found mangrove forests to be substantially more important for terrestrial vertebrates than previously reported, supporting a remarkable richness of terrestrial mammals, reptiles and amphibians globally. This finding underscores the view that the emphasis on mangroves as marine ecosystems has led to the importance of the terrestrial components of mangrove forests being undervalued (Luther & Greenberg, 2009;Nowak, 2013).…”

Section: Species Distribution and Richnessmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Yet, facultative users continue to provide important ecosystem services, such as pollination of mangrove plants (McKenzie & Rolfe, 1986) and the transfer of nutrients from adjacent habitats (Reef et al, 2014). In addition, the loss of primary habitats for these facultative users may mean mangrove forests are increasingly important habitat for these species in the future (Nowak, 2013;Rodrigues & Martinez, 2014). To better understand the functioning of mangrove ecosystems, it is important to understand their relationship with the fauna that uses them (both obligate and facultative users) in both the marine and terrestrial realms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More than marine: revealing the critical importance of mangrove ecosystems for terrestrial vertebrates

Rog

Clarke

Cook

2016

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim Despite mangrove forests spanning marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms, their function as terrestrial ecosystems has been largely ignored. In the light of the rapid global decline of mangroves, it is critical to build a more holistic understanding to plan for effective management of the whole ecosystem. This study examines the importance of mangrove forests for terrestrial vertebrates.Location Global mangrove forests.Methods An extensive review of records of the use of global mangrove forests by the most poorly studied terrestrial vertebrate groups: mammals, reptiles and amphibians. We explored the species richness and distribution of these groups, along with their ecological characteristics. We also explored the relationship between animal and plant species richness across the distribution of mangrove forests.Results Mangroves are used by a remarkable number of terrestrial mammal, reptile and amphibian species (n = 464); five times more than previously reported. The diversity of species uncovered by this study, almost half of which are of conservation concern, underscores the value of mangroves as terrestrial ecosystems. Most species were facultative users of mangroves; however, there are critical knowledge gaps in how these species interact with these ecosystems. We found a positive global correlation between animal and mangrove plant richness.Main conclusions This study highlights that mangrove forests are considerably more important for terrestrial animals than generally acknowledged. We present the most comprehensive review of the importance of mangrove forests for terrestrial vertebrates, but also reveal significant knowledge gaps in the ecology of these ecosystems. Our study uncovers evidence that these habitats may be increasingly important as refuges for species from anthropocentric disturbance. Our findings emphasize the importance of moving beyond viewing mangroves as marine ecosystems, towards recognizing their cross-realm importance. Without such a shift, there will be significant limitations in our ability to manage and conserve these ecosystems.

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Section: Species Distribution and Richnesssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Species Distribution and Richnessmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More than marine: revealing the critical importance of mangrove ecosystems for terrestrial vertebrates

Rog

Clarke

Cook

2016

Diversity and Distributions

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“…Peat swamps regulate hydrology by mitigating floods during wet seasons and intense rainfall events, and maintain base flows in streams and rivers during dry periods by slowly releasing stored water. Peat forests are also high in biodiversity and are critical habitat for many rare and endangered species including Sumatran tigers, orangutans, gibbons, and leopards [17–20]. Despite these values, Indonesian peat swamp forests are being deforested, drained and converted at unprecedented rates [21–23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An appraisal of Indonesia’s immense peat carbon stock using national peatland maps: uncertainties and potential losses from conversion

Warren

Hergoualc’h

Kauffman

et al. 2017

Carbon Balance Manage

135

112

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BackgroundA large proportion of the world’s tropical peatlands occur in Indonesia where rapid conversion and associated losses of carbon, biodiversity and ecosystem services have brought peatland management to the forefront of Indonesia’s climate mitigation efforts. We evaluated peat volume from two commonly referenced maps of peat distribution and depth published by Wetlands International (WI) and the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), and used regionally specific values of carbon density to calculate carbon stocks.ResultsPeatland extent and volume published in the MoA maps are lower than those in the WI maps, resulting in lower estimates of carbon storage. We estimate Indonesia’s total peat carbon store to be within 13.6 GtC (the low MoA map estimate) and 40.5 GtC (the high WI map estimate) with a best estimate of 28.1 GtC: the midpoint of medium carbon stock estimates derived from WI (30.8 GtC) and MoA (25.3 GtC) maps. This estimate is about half of previous assessments which used an assumed average value of peat thickness for all Indonesian peatlands, and revises the current global tropical peat carbon pool to 75 GtC. Yet, these results do not diminish the significance of Indonesia’s peatlands, which store an estimated 30% more carbon than the biomass of all Indonesian forests. The largest discrepancy between maps is for the Papua province, which accounts for 62–71% of the overall differences in peat area, volume and carbon storage. According to the MoA map, 80% of Indonesian peatlands are <300 cm thick and thus vulnerable to conversion outside of protected areas according to environmental regulations. The carbon contained in these shallower peatlands is conservatively estimated to be 10.6 GtC, equivalent to 42% of Indonesia’s total peat carbon and about 12 years of global emissions from land use change at current rates.ConclusionsConsidering the high uncertainties in peatland extent, volume and carbon storage revealed in this assessment of current maps, a systematic revision of Indonesia’s peat maps to produce a single geospatial reference that is universally accepted would improve national peat carbon storage estimates and greatly benefit carbon cycle research, land use management and spatial planning.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13021-017-0080-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for example, are often categorised by their forest behaviour, although their behaviour in savannah habitats differs greatly [1]. A study from 2013 reported many felids and primates using mangrove and peat swamp forest, yet most research conducted on them focused on their behavioural ecology in forests [2]. For other species, such as the leopard (Panthera pardus), research has focused on its behaviour in savannah areas, even though this behaviour is substantially different in forests [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat suitability analysis reveals high ecological flexibility in a “strict” forest primate

et al. 2020

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Background: Research of many mammal species tends to focus on single habitats, reducing knowledge of ecological flexibility. The Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) is considered a strict forest primate, and little is known about populations living in savannah. In 2017-2018, we investigated the density and distribution of Javan lutung in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. We conducted ad libitum follows and line transect distance sampling with habitat suitability analysis of Javan lutung. Results: Estimated density was 14.91 individuals km − 2 (95% CI 7.91-28.08), and estimated population size was 3727 individuals (95% CI 1979 -7019). Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) habitat suitability was the main driver of lutung habitat suitability as the probability of lutung occurrence increased greatly with macaque habitat suitability. Distance to roads, and distance to secondary forest had a negative relationship with lutung occurrence. Lutung habitat suitability decreased with increasing elevation, however, Mt Baluran and the primary forest on Mt Baluran was under-sampled due to treacherous conditions. Follows of six focus groups revealed considerable use of savannah, with terrestrial travel. The follows also revealed polyspecific associations with long-tailed macaques through shared sleeping sites and inter-specific vocalisations. Conclusions:Our study provides new knowledge on the general ecology of Javan lutung, such as use of savannah habitats, underlining our need to branch out in our study sites to understand the flexibility and adaptability of our study species. Another undocumented behaviour is the polyspecific association with long-tailed macaques. We encourage more research on this subject.

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Mangrove and Peat Swamp Forests: Refuge Habitats for Primates and Felids

Cited by 85 publications

References 21 publications

More than marine: revealing the critical importance of mangrove ecosystems for terrestrial vertebrates

More than marine: revealing the critical importance of mangrove ecosystems for terrestrial vertebrates

An appraisal of Indonesia’s immense peat carbon stock using national peatland maps: uncertainties and potential losses from conversion

Habitat suitability analysis reveals high ecological flexibility in a “strict” forest primate

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