Habitat suitability analysis reveals high ecological flexibility in a “strict” forest primate

Abstract

Background: Research of many mammal species tends to focus on single habitats, reducing knowledge of ecological flexibility. The Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) is considered a strict forest primate, and little is known about populations living in savannah. In 2017-2018, we investigated the density and distribution of Javan lutung in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. We conducted ad libitum follows and line transect distance sampling with habitat suitability analysis of Javan lutung. Results: Estimated density was 14.91 individuals km − 2 (95% CI 7.91-28.08), and estimated population size was 3727 individuals (95% CI 1979 -7019). Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) habitat suitability was the main driver of lutung habitat suitability as the probability of lutung occurrence increased greatly with macaque habitat suitability. Distance to roads, and distance to secondary forest had a negative relationship with lutung occurrence. Lutung habitat suitability decreased with increasing elevation, however, Mt Baluran and the primary forest on Mt Baluran was under-sampled due to treacherous conditions. Follows of six focus groups revealed considerable use of savannah, with terrestrial travel. The follows also revealed polyspecific associations with long-tailed macaques through shared sleeping sites and inter-specific vocalisations. Conclusions:Our study provides new knowledge on the general ecology of Javan lutung, such as use of savannah habitats, underlining our need to branch out in our study sites to understand the flexibility and adaptability of our study species. Another undocumented behaviour is the polyspecific association with long-tailed macaques. We encourage more research on this subject.

Spatial Modelling Habitat Suitability of Javan Langur (<i>Trachypithecus auratus</i> É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), East Java

“…Multicollinearity test was conducted to determine the relationships between the used variables. When there is a linear relationships among variables, one of the variables should be removed (Hansen et al 2020). Afterward, the coordinates point data was extracted back to Ms Excel in CSV format, while the variable data was exported in ASCII format (Fitzgerald et al 2018).…”

“…The low (39,358 Ha) and medium (6,134.9 Ha) habitat suitability classes were volcanic areas with bush and savanna vegetation conditions. The Javan langur has chosen a location with good vegetation cover such as primary forest, but its home range also includes secondary forest (Hansen et al 2020). It was due to the availability of vegetation that supports the needs of diurnal primates, especially the availability of food from pole and tree growth form vegetation.…”

Spatial differentiation of comprehensive suitability sustainable development for urban human settlements based on GIS：A case study of Liaoning Province, China

“…Human settlements is the result of human activities on the natural environment (Anand et al, 2020), including natural elements and humanistic elements (Ejigu and Tassie, 2020;Milanesi et al, 2015;Buruso, 2018;Megahed, 2020;Habibie et al, 2019). Natural elements are the basis of settlements layout development, and humanistic elements are also the pillar of settlements development (Hansen et al, 2020;Talukdar et al, 2020;Da Costa et al, 2018;Torretta et al, 2020). However, at present, most of the researches on the suitability settlements focus on the natural suitability of settlements (Hu et al, 2020), and consider the humanistic indicator of settlements (Zhang et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2020;Fuller et al, 2018;Omar and Raheem, 2016;Tezer et al, 2020;Cui et al, 2017;Yan et al, 2017).…”

Short Communication: Daily activities of Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus) in Gembira Loka Zoo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

“…The Javan langur (Trachypithecus auratus É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) is an endemic primate on Java, Bali, and Lombok islands (Hansen et al 2020). Based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List (Nijman 2021), this species was classified as vulnerable.…”