“…They are among the first groups to embrace Islam in West Africa. They have spread their Islamic education, culture, language, popular griot (bard) tradition, and Arabic and ʿAjamī writing system throughout West Africa (Donaldson, ; Niane, ; Ogorodnikova, , ; Schaffer, ; Tamari, , ; Vydrine, , ; Vydrine & Dumestre, ).…”