Managing uncertainty: A grounded theory of stigma in transgender health care encounters

Cervical Cancer Screening for Patients on the Female-to-Male Spectrum: a Narrative Review and Guide for Clinicians

“…Professional guidelines for routine cervical cancer and STI screenings in this population are identical to those recommended for cisgender women. 21 Many FTM patients face barriers to receiving needed services due to a combination of factors, including stigma and discrimination, 22,23 lack of insurance and access to genderaffirmative health care, 24,25 patient and health care provider misperceptions pertaining to HPV and cervical cancer risk (Table 2), and apprehension about undergoing intrusive procedures such as pelvic examinations, 10 leading to decreased rates of cervical cancer screening compared to cisgender women. 26 In addition, due partially to the atrophying effect of testosterone on the cervical epithelium, cervical cytology specimens are approximately ten times as likely to be unsatisfactory among patients on the FTM spectrum as among cisgender women.…”

Factors Associated with Medical Doctors' Intentions to Discriminate Against Transgender Patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

“…25 For transgender people who are able to access healthcare services, the care they receive is often inadequate and of poor quality. 10 The U.S. Transgender Survey, which surveyed over 27,000 transgender and gender nonconforming people throughout the United States, found that almost a third of participants had experienced both discrimination in a medical setting and had postponed their medical care because of discrimination. 26 Other research suggests that the prevalence of mistreatment among transgender respondents is approximately twice that of non-transgender lesbian, gay, and bisexual respondents.…”

“…In general, there are very few studies that focus on the discrimination intent of healthcare workers toward transgender people. 10,28,29 The work that has been done is qualitative in nature and suggests that providers feel uncertainty about the nature of transgender identity and those who disagree that transgender people are natural and that it is not a choice are more likely to express stigmatizing attitudes toward transgender patients. 10 This research has focused largely on provider-level healthcare barriers for U.S. transgender patients.…”

“…2,4,7 Transgender people who face discrimination from others are at an increased risk of poor health outcomes, including depression, suicidality, substance use, and HIV. [8][9][10][11] Although discrimination against transgender people is an issue across the globe, Malaysia is unique in that it has a sizable transgender population. Based on worldwide estimates, 4 Malaysia would have between 151,500-424,200 transgender individuals.…”

Supporting trans people in clinical practice

“…9,10 This grouping may lead to inaccurate conclusions in the literature; for example, studies may underestimate transgender discrimination, since it has been found that attitudes towards trans people are significantly less favourable than towards LGB individuals. 11 For many practitioners, an understanding of transgenderism may arise from familiarity with its inclusion within psychiatric classification systems. The latest revision of the American manual (DSM-5) has made progress in depathologising transgenderism, an issue that has been hotly debated.…”