Managing Ryegrass‐Endophyte Toxicoses

Fletcher, L. R.

doi:10.1002/9780470384916.ch10

Cited by 24 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…However, the factors affecting toxin production are not well understood and, with the exception of a clear seasonal trend, patterns of toxin concentration cannot yet be predicted (Fletcher 2004). Toxin concentration may be increased by the use of nitrogen fertiliser, however research on this has produced variable results .…”

Section: Ryegrass Endophtye Toxicosismentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Production of the endophyte toxin lolitrem B is greatest in mature leaves and is particularly concentrated in the leaf sheath and 316 New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52 (6), 2004 Lambert et al seedheads, while the toxin ergovaline resides predominantly in the base of the pasture and in the seedhead (Fletcher 2004). In high-risk paddocks, toxin production can be reduced by spring grazing management that delays or reduces seedhead formation or by mechanical or chemical topping of pre-emerged ryegrass seedhead.…”

Section: Ryegrass Endophtye Toxicosismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In hay, however, concentrations of ergovaline fell to a third of original levels 200 days after harvest (Fletcher 2004).…”

Section: Ryegrass Endophtye Toxicosismentioning

confidence: 98%

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Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

Lambert¹,

Clark²,

Litherland³

2004

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these. Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications. Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.

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Section: Ryegrass Endophtye Toxicosismentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Ryegrass Endophtye Toxicosismentioning

confidence: 97%

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Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

Lambert¹,

Clark²,

Litherland³

2004

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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“…One early report concluded that ergovaline concentration did not change during ensiling (Turner et al, 1993); however, this report also mentioned the possible loss of ergovaline during sample storage and/or procedural error. Recent reports show that ergot alkaloids can change during the ensiling of both tall fescue (Roberts et al, 2011) and perennial ryegrass (Fletcher, 2005). Fall-grown tall fescue is morphologically and biochemically different than spring-grown tall fescue, as it does not enter reproductive development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ergot Alkaloid Concentrations in High‐ and Low‐Moisture Tall Fescue Silage

Roberts

Davis

Looper³

et al. 2014

Crop Science

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1887 RESEARCH T all fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. = Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] is a major cool-season forage grass in the United States (Moore, 2003). Although it has many favorable agronomic characteristics, tall fescue is often toxic to livestock. Its toxicity is caused by ergot alkaloids (Belesky and Bacon, 2009), which are mycotoxins produced by the endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum [(Morgan Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin comb. nov.;Glenn et al., 1996]. Because of its toxicity, tall fescue should be managed with priority given to controlling ergot alkaloid concentrations. This type of management, called "alkaloid management," requires knowledge of when ergot alkaloids are produced in the individual plant and their concentration in mixed pasture and preserved forages and feeds (Roberts and Andrae, 2010). Such knowledge enables producers to employ a series of practices that regulate how much toxin is ultimately offered to livestock.ABSTRACT Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins found in foods and forage crops, including common tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. = Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.], which hosts a fungal endophyte. The objective of this study was to determine changes in ergovaline and total ergot alkaloid concentrations in tall fescue silage produced at high moisture (650 to 680 g H 2 O kg -1 ) and low moisture (340 to 400 g H 2 O kg -1 ). The study was conducted on endophyte-infected pastures of tall fescue in northern and southern Missouri. Tall fescue was clipped after seedhead emergence but before anthesis, wilted to high or low moisture, baled, and wrapped. After >100 d of ensiling, bales were cored and samples analyzed for ergovaline and total ergot alkaloid concentrations. Ergovaline concentration decreased (P < 0.05) during ensiling at both locations and moisture levels, and the decrease ranged from 24 to 58%. In contrast, total ergot alkaloid concentrations increased during ensiling in high moisture silage in northern (P < 0.10) and southern (P < 0.05) Missouri but did not change in low moisture silage. The opposing responses of ergovaline and total ergot alkaloids offer partial explanations for differences reported in studies involving tall fescue silage. These responses also caution against recommendations to ensile tall fescue to reduce toxins because one analyte indicates detoxification is possible, while the other analyte does not.

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“…Previous studies have focused mainly on the endophytes of Lolium and Festuca, because alkaloids produced in these associations are toxic to grazing animals [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of cutting frequency and height on alkaloid production in endophyte-infected drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)

Zhang

2011

Sci. China Life Sci.

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An evaluation was performed on the influence of mowing height (2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 cm) and mowing frequency (weekly or fortnightly) on levels of ergot alkaloids (ergine and ergonovine) formed in drunken horse grass, Achnatherum inebrians, grown under greenhouse conditions. Samples were taken monthly and alkaloids were extracted and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC. Alkaloid levels increased more or less linearly with plant age over the first four months following establishment. Levels were higher in samples cut fortnightly compared to those cut weekly, and were higher when plants were cut at a mowing height of 7.5 cm vs. 2.5 cm. In most cases, the highest alkaloid levels observed were almost three times those of the lowest. If plant protection applications are developed for the endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium gansuense, it will be necessary to be aware of the potential role of plant husbandry practices (e.g., defoliation frequency and intensity) for reducing or enhancing levels of plant alkaloids. Similar husbandry factors may affect alkaloid levels in other Neotyphodium-grass associations, which would be interesting for further study.Neotyphodium gansuense, Achnatherum inebrians, mowing height, mowing frequency, ergine, ergonovine Citation:Zhang X X, Li C J, Nan Z B. Effects of cutting frequency and height on alkaloid production in endophyte-infected drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians).

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Managing Ryegrass‐Endophyte Toxicoses

Cited by 24 publications

References 9 publications

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

Ergot Alkaloid Concentrations in High‐ and Low‐Moisture Tall Fescue Silage

Effects of cutting frequency and height on alkaloid production in endophyte-infected drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)

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