Managing grains and interfaces via ligand anchoring enables 22.3%-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells

Zheng, Xiaopeng; Hou, Yi; Bao, Chunxiong; Yin, Jun; Yuan, Fanglong; Huang, Ziru; Song, Kepeng; Liu, Jiakai; Troughton, Joel; Gasparini, Nicola; Zhou, Chun; Lin, Yuanbao; Xue, Desheng; Chen, Bin; Johnston, Andrew; Wei, Nini; Hedhili, Mohamed N.; Wei, Mingyang; Alsalloum, Abdullah Y.; Maity, Partha; Türedi, Bekir; Yang, Chen; Baran, Derya; Anthopoulos, Thomas D.; Han, Yu; Lu, Zheng‐Hong; Mohammed, Omar F.; Gao, Feng; Sargent, Edward H.; Bakr, Osman M.

doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0538-4

Cited by 988 publications

(936 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…[ 1–5 ] Meanwhile, the planar p–i–n pero‐SCs have also attracted considerable attention due to their low‐temperature processing and simple device architecture, especially for potential application in the roll‐to‐roll mass production of flexible pero‐SCs. [ 6–7 ] Nevertheless, their PCEs still lag behind those of the n–i–p pero‐SCs, [ 8–12 ] owing primarily to the following two factors: i) the considerable density of defects that would enable nonradiative recombination losses both inside the perovskite bulk material and at the interface, thereby resulting in a less‐than‐ideal open‐circuit voltage ( V oc ). [ 8,13,14 ] ii) The low electron extraction efficiency due to the high density of electron traps in perovskite films and the inferior n‐type perovskite charge‐extraction region (compared with that of p‐type perovskite).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic N‐Type Molecule: Managing the Electronic States of Bulk Perovskite for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

Chen

Zhan

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of planar p–i–n perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs) is commonly lower than that of the n–i–p pero‐SCs, due to the severe nonradiative recombination stemming from the more p‐type perovskite with prevailing electron traps. Here, two n‐type organic molecules, DMBI‐2‐Th and DMBI‐2‐Th‐I, with hydrogen‐transfer properties for the doping of bulk perovskite aimed at regulating its electronic states are synthesized. The generated radicals in these n‐type dopants with high‐lying singly occupied molecular orbitals enable easy transfer of the thermally activated electrons to the MAPbI3 perovskite for the realization of n‐doped perovskites. The n‐doping degree could be further enhanced by using the iodine ionized dopant DMBI‐2‐Th‐I. The doping effect could reduce the electron trap density, increase the electron concentration of the bulk perovskite, and simultaneously improve the surface electronic contact. When the DMBI‐2‐Th‐I‐doped perovskite is used in planar p–i–n pero‐SCs, the nonradiative recombination is significantly suppressed. As a result, the photovoltaic performance improved significantly, as evidenced by an excellent PCE of 20.90% and a robust ambient stability even under high relative humidity. To the best of the knowledge, this work represents the first example where organic n‐type dopants are used to tune the electronic states of a bulk perovskite film for efficient planar p–i–n pero‐SCs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic N‐Type Molecule: Managing the Electronic States of Bulk Perovskite for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

Chen

Zhan

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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“…[ 14 ] X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate that the 2D peak is at 5.46°, corresponding to the (020) plane of 2D NMA 2 FA 0.95– x Cs 0.05 MA x Pb 2 I 7– x – y Br y Cl x perovskite, [ 15 ] and 14.00° should be the (001) plane of 3D FA 0.95– x Cs 0.05 MA x PbI 3– x Cl x perovskite. [ 12,16 ] Interestingly, the intensity of 2D perovskite peak (5.46°) of the NMABr‐passivated perovskite film is much higher than that (5.44°) of the NMAI‐passivated perovskite film, which suggests that bromide atoms drastically promote the formation of 2D perovskite. The sizes of iodide atoms are larger than that of bromine atoms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cascade Type‐II 2D/3D Perovskite Heterojunctions for Enhanced Stability and Photovoltaic Efficiency

et al. 2020

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The energy demand is rapidly increasing for the increased population and the improved life quality. [1] Disafforestation or mining will destroy the ecological balance and even bring some unknown diseases, which will kill thousands of people. Thus, an environmentally friendly method to obtain energy is necessary and urgent. Solar energy is a kind of clean and abundant energy, which can be harvested conveniently. Nowadays, silicon solar cells are dominant in the solar energy industry, but we need more cost-effective solar energy. [2] The 3D perovskite solar cell (PSC) is a low-cost photovoltaic research frontier for its roaring increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% in 2009 to 25.2% in 2019 because the perovskite shows the excellent optoelectronic properties, including the large absorption coefficient, the small exciton binding energy, and the considerable carrier diffusion length. [3] However, the stability of PSC remains some distance ahead of the industrial application. [4] Therefore, the 2D perovskite can be introduced to protect the 3D perovskite, which not only keeps the high PCE but also improves the stability. Suitable alignment of the energy level in the heterojunction is vital to transfer charges and block the hole-electron recombination in the device, which can achieve better photovoltaic performance. [5] The 2D perovskite can form a wide-bandgap layer, [6] promote the hole extraction, hinder the electron transfer, and reduce the hole-electron recombination. [7] Moreover, the 2D perovskite is hydrophobic and stable under illumination, promoting the humidity and illumination stability of PSC. [8]

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“…Nowadays, all the three types of devices could present a PCE of 23.0% [12] and a 25.2% efficiency has been certified, transcending the values of their competitors including CIGS, CdTe, and multicrystalline silicon-based solar cells, [5] and thus indicating their bright future to be commercially industrialized. [13,14] However, still several obstacles should be surmounted until realizing the industrialization, among which the long-term stability of PSCs is one of the focuses, including the instability of the perovskite layer and the HTL themselves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the perovskite material tends to degrade when exposed to humidity, light illumination, [15] oxygen, and high temperature, various scientific endeavors have been devoted to improve its stability apart from the encapsulation of the whole device. Introducing alkali metal cations, [16][17][18] such as Cs + and Rb + to partially replace the A + sites of perovskite crystals, doping the perovskite materials with alkylamine small molecules, [6,12,[19][20][21] passivating the surface and/or the bulk of perovskite films with small molecules and polymers, [8,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27] using 2D perovskite materials instead [28][29][30][31] or integrating 2D perovskite into the light absorber, [32][33][34] and substituting all the organic components to inorganic ones [35][36][37][38][39] have been successfully attempted with the result of improved both long-term stability and efficiency for the devices. [40][41][42][43][44] Another stability issue is with the HTLs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Solution‐Processable Dopant‐Free Small Molecules as Hole‐Transporting Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2020

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on conventional hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies comparable to those of typical inorganic solar cells; however, the dopants used to increase the hole mobility or the film‐forming ability impart these devices with a poor long‐term stability, blocking the industrial commercialization of PSCs. As an alternative, HTMs without any dopants are explored. Herein, dopant‐free small molecular HTMs (SM‐HTMs) are reviewed and the performance based on the analyses of their molecular structures are evaluated. A summary of the designing principle and an outlook of the development of highly efficient SM‐HTMs are presented.

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Managing grains and interfaces via ligand anchoring enables 22.3%-efficiency inverted perovskite solar cells

Cited by 988 publications

References 66 publications

Organic N‐Type Molecule: Managing the Electronic States of Bulk Perovskite for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

Organic N‐Type Molecule: Managing the Electronic States of Bulk Perovskite for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

Cascade Type‐II 2D/3D Perovskite Heterojunctions for Enhanced Stability and Photovoltaic Efficiency

A Review on Solution‐Processable Dopant‐Free Small Molecules as Hole‐Transporting Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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