Managing Diversity in Postneoliberal Ecuador

Abstract

Resumen Este artículo examina los derechos indígenas durante el gobierno de Rafael Correa, (2007 hasta el presente) en Ecuador. Dicho trabajo sostiene que este gobierno está llevando a cabo un proceso de reforma del estado que conlleva una centralización en la toma de decisiones y un énfasis en la extracción de recursos naturales con la finalidad de financiar un estado más fuerte. Dicho proceso está reduciendo la autonomía de los movimientos indígenas y ha ocasionado choques con sus organizaciones debido a que importantes recursos naturales, están localizados en los territorios en los que habitan. Los académicos que han estudiado los regímenes post‐neoliberales en sus primeros años, sostuvieron que la ciudadanía post‐multicultural se caracterizaba por combinar lo ganado en el periodo neo‐liberal ‐el reconocimiento y la participación‐, con un mayor énfasis en la redistribución. Trabajos más recientes, han señalado las exclusiones derivadas de formas particulares de entender la etnicidad, así como de la falta de autonomía de la sociedad civil en estos regímenes centralizados. En el caso de Ecuador, la ciudadanía post‐neoliberal ha dado lugar al retorno de un tipo de indigenismo que construye a los indígenas como receptores pasivos de las políticas gubernamentales.

Empowerment through articulations between post-neoliberal politics and neoliberalism: value chain alliances in Bolivia

“…Many left-wing critics of the MAS government and other progressive governments in Latin America have claimed that there is no real intention to "decolonise development" or to generate radical social transformation. They argue that these governments only seek to reform the neoliberal project (Webber 2011;Kennemore and Weeks 2011;Novo 2014). Our research on the case of the PAR programme in Bolivia indeed shows that the MAS government has not been able to make a definitive break from neoliberalism and its governance strategies, like similar post-neoliberal projects on the continent (Radcliffe 2012; Farthing and Kohl 2014).…”

“…This dramatic shift started in Venezuela in late 1998 and spread across the continent at the beginning of the twenty-first century (Novo 2014). Although these progressive governments have taken different paths, they have in common that they were launched from an anti-neoliberal platform that has sought alternative development strategies and a protagonist role of the state in society.…”

Rights abuse allegations in the context of REDD+ readiness and implementation: A preliminary review and proposal for moving forward

“…The mismatch between de jure and de facto land rights complicate things further, as even if 'existing legal frameworks provide constitutional rights (…), holding a land title does not mean secure administration and control over the corresponding territories' (Loayza et al 2016). Novo (2014) argues that Ecuadorian legislation on indigenous autonomy and self-determination is contradictory and difficult to implement, and that no serious attempt has been made to implement it. Erazo (2013) states REDD+ is at odds with indigenous plans for the protection and consolidation of their traditional territories, which are threatened by illegal logging and mining, oil extraction, and inclusion within national parks.…”

Titles of Contention: Sociocultural Change and Conflict over Legalization of Indigenous Lands in Southeastern Ecuador

“…At the same time, it has distributed property titles to some indigenous communities since the 1960s, sometimes through the same agencies that promoted mestizo settlement. This contradictory behavior and the failure to establish a constitutional framework reflect, according to most writers, the coexistence of differing ideological currents and projects: the construction of a truly intercultural and plurinational state, on one hand, and economic and political development based on extractivism and centralized management, on the other (Beltrán and Narváez, 2012;Martínez Novo, 2014;Plant and Hvalkof, 2006). 4 Returning to the basic premises of the titling programs, it is true that each people establishes a special relationship to the land it occupies, in accordance with its productive system and technical capacity, organizing, to some extent, the relation of its members to that space.…”